Sound source separation device, semiconductor device, and electronic device

ABSTRACT

Provided is a semiconductor device that does not require an A/D converter circuit and is capable of performing sound source separation without converting an analog signal. The semiconductor device includes a plurality of microphones, a plurality of delay circuits, and a signal processing circuit. The plurality of microphones are electrically connected to the respective delay circuits, and output signals of the plurality of delay circuits are input to the signal processing circuit. The delay circuit includes a plurality of signal retention circuits capable of retaining an analog potential, and has functions of retaining an electric signal output from the microphone as a discrete analog signal in the signal retention circuits and outputting the signal at a time different from the time when the microphone outputs the signal. The signal processing circuit has a function of adding the output signals of the plurality of delay circuits.

TECHNICAL FIELD

One embodiment of the present invention relates to a sound source separation device that separates sounds emitted from a specific direction.

In addition, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device. In this specification and the like, a semiconductor device refers to all devices that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics. For example, an integrated circuit, a chip including an integrated circuit, an electronic component including a packaged chip, and an electronic device including an integrated circuit are examples of semiconductor devices.

Note that one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field. The technical field of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method. Alternatively, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, manufacture, or a composition of matter.

BACKGROUND ART

A beamformer, which emphasizes a sound emitted from a specific direction by using a plurality of microphones (also referred to as a microphone array), is known as a sound source separation device. Using a difference in time taken for a sound wave to propagate from a sound source to each microphone, a beamformer is capable of emphasizing a sound emitted from a target direction by giving a delay to an electric signal output from each microphone and adding the resulting signals. Moreover, a beamformer is capable of reducing sounds emitted from directions other than the target direction.

The use of a beamformer can emphasize the voice of the user and reduce influences of surrounding noise, an echo, and the like for a portable information terminal such as a smartphone, an interactive robot, car navigation, and a TV conference, for example (e.g., see Patent Document 1).

Meanwhile, a transistor including a metal oxide in a channel formation region (also referred to as an oxide semiconductor transistor or an OS transistor) has attracted attention in recent years. The drain current of a transistor in the off state (also referred to as off-state current) is extremely low in an oxide semiconductor transistor; thus, using an oxide semiconductor transistor in a memory cell of a DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory), for example, enables long-term retention of electric charge accumulated in a capacitor. As a result, a memory device (also referred to as a semiconductor device or a memory) with low refresh frequency and low power consumption can be manufactured (e.g., Patent Document 2).

Patent Document 3 discloses an example in which an OS transistor and a transistor other than an OS transistor (e.g., a S1 transistor) are used in a gain-cell memory cell. In this specification and the like, a memory device including a gain-cell memory cell using an OS transistor is referred to as a NOSRAM (registered trademark, Nonvolatile Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory). A NOSRAM enables non-destructive readout of stored information (also referred to as data), for example.

As oxide semiconductors, not only single-component metal oxides, such as indium oxide and zinc oxide, but also multi-component metal oxides are known, for example. Among the multi-component metal oxides, in particular, an In—Ga—Zn oxide (also referred to as IGZO) has been actively studied.

From the studies on IGZO, a CAAC (c-axis aligned crystalline) structure and an nc (nanocrystalline) structure, which are not single crystal nor amorphous, have been found in an oxide semiconductor (see Non-Patent Document 1 to Non-Patent Document 3).

Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 disclose a technique for fabricating a transistor using an oxide semiconductor having the CAAC structure. Moreover, Non-Patent Document 4 and Non-Patent Document 5 disclose that a fine crystal is included even in an oxide semiconductor which has lower crystallinity than an oxide semiconductor having the CAAC structure or the nc structure.

Non-Patent Document 6 reports the extremely low off-state current of a transistor using an oxide semiconductor, and Non-Patent Document 7 and Non-Patent Document 8 report an LSI (Large Scale Integration) and a display that utilize a property of extremely low off-state current.

REFERENCE Patent Document

-   [Patent Document 1] Japanese Translation of PCT International     Application No. 2011-515897 -   [Patent Document 2] Japanese Published Patent Application No.     2012-256820 -   [Patent Document 3] Japanese Published Patent Application No.     2012-256400

Non-Patent Document

-   [Non-Patent Document 1] S. Yamazaki et al., “SID Symposium Digest of     Technical Papers”, 2012, volume 43, issue 1, pp. 183-186. -   [Non-Patent Document 2] S. Yamazaki et al., “Japanese Journal of     Applied Physics”, 2014, volume 53, Number 4S, pp.     04ED18-1-04ED18-10. -   [Non-Patent Document 3] S. I to et al., “The Proceedings of     AM-FPD'13 Digest of Technical Papers”, 2013, pp. 151-154. -   [Non-Patent Document 4] S. Yamazaki et al., “ECS Journal of Solid     State Science and Technology”, 2014, volume 3, issue 9, pp.     Q3012-Q3022. -   [Non-Patent Document 5] S. Yamazaki, “ECS Transactions”, 2014,     volume 64, issue 10, pp. 155-164. -   [Non-Patent Document 6] K. Kato et al., “Japanese Journal of Applied     Physics”, 2012, volume 51, pp. 021201-1-021201-7. -   [Non-Patent Document 7] S. Matsuda et al., “2015 Symposium on VLSI     Technology Digest of Technical Papers”, 2015, pp. T216-T217. -   [Non-Patent Document 8] S. Amano et al., “SID Symposium Digest of     Technical Papers”, 2010, volume 41, issue 1, pp. 626-629.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

In the above-described beamformer, for example, each microphone converts a sound input thereto into an electric signal and outputs the electric signal, the electric signal is converted into a digital signal by an A/D (Analog to Digital) converter circuit, and an appropriate delay is given to each digital signal by a signal processing circuit. By adding the signals to which delays have been given in such a manner, a signal that emphasizes a sound emitted from a target direction can be generated.

A beamformer having a larger number of microphones has higher angular resolution and higher capability of emphasizing a sound emitted from a target direction; however, a larger number of microphones results in a larger number of signals to be processed, leading to problems of a demand for higher processing capability of an A/D converter circuit and a signal processing circuit and an increase in power consumption. These problems matter particularly for portable information terminals, for example, which are small and lightweight and require a long operating time with a battery.

An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device that does not require an A/D converter circuit and is capable of performing sound source separation without converting an analog signal. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device capable of performing sound source separation with low power consumption. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel semiconductor device and the like.

Note that one embodiment of the present invention does not necessarily achieve all the above objects and only needs to achieve at least one of the objects. The description of the above objects does not preclude the existence of other objects. Objects other than these will be apparent from and can be derived from the description of the specification, the claims, the drawings, and the like.

Means for Solving the Problems

One embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a first selection circuit, a plurality of signal retention circuits, and a second selection circuit. An analog signal is input to the semiconductor device, and the first selection circuit has a function of sampling the analog signal more than once at different times and outputs an analog potential obtained by sampling to the signal retention circuit. The signal retention circuit has a function of retaining the analog potential, and the second selection circuit outputs the analog potential retained in the signal retention circuit at a time different from the times when the analog signal is sampled.

In the above embodiment, the signal retention circuit includes a transistor and a capacitor, and the transistor includes a metal oxide in a channel formation region.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a first microphone to an N-th microphone (N is a natural number greater than or equal to 2), a first delay circuit to an N-th delay circuit, and a signal processing circuit. The K-th microphone (K is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to N) is electrically connected to the K-th delay circuit, and the K-th microphone outputs a K-th sound source signal to the K-th delay circuit. The K-th delay circuit includes a first selection circuit, a plurality of signal retention circuits, and a second selection circuit; the first selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit has a function of sampling the K-th sound source signal at different times; the first selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit outputs an analog potential obtained by sampling to the signal retention circuit included in the K-th delay circuit. The signal retention circuit included in the K-th delay circuit has a function of retaining the analog potential; the second selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit has a function of reading the analog potential retained in the signal retention circuit included in the K-th delay circuit at a time different from a time when the analog potential is sampled; the second selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit outputs a K-th output signal obtained by reading the analog potential to the signal processing circuit. The signal processing circuit adds a first output signal to the K-th output signal.

In the above embodiment, the signal retention circuit includes a transistor and a capacitor, and the transistor includes a metal oxide in a channel formation region.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a first microphone to an N-th microphone (N is a natural number greater than or equal to 2), a first delay circuit to an (N−1)-th delay circuit, and a signal processing circuit. The K-th microphone (K is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to N−1) is electrically connected to the K-th delay circuit; the K-th microphone outputs a K-th sound source signal to the K-th delay circuit; the N-th microphone outputs an N-th sound source signal to the signal processing circuit. The K-th delay circuit includes a first selection circuit, a plurality of signal retention circuits, and a second selection circuit; the first selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit has a function of sampling the K-th sound source signal at different times; the first selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit outputs an analog potential obtained by sampling to the signal retention circuit included in the K-th delay circuit. The signal retention circuit included in the K-th delay circuit has a function of retaining the analog potential; the second selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit has a function of reading the analog potential retained in the signal retention circuit included in the K-th delay circuit at a time different from a time when the analog potential is sampled; the second selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit outputs a K-th output signal obtained by reading the analog potential to the signal processing circuit. The signal processing circuit adds a first output signal to the K-th output signal and the N-th sound source signal.

In the above embodiment, the signal retention circuit includes a transistor and a capacitor, and the transistor includes a metal oxide in a channel formation region.

Effect of the Invention

One embodiment of the present invention can provide a semiconductor device does not require an A/D converter circuit and is capable of performing sound source separation without converting an analog signal. Alternatively, one embodiment of the present invention can provide a semiconductor device capable of performing sound source separation with low power consumption. Alternatively, one embodiment of the present invention can provide a novel semiconductor device and the like.

Note that the description of these effects does not preclude the existence of other effects. One embodiment of the present invention does not necessarily have all these effects. Effects other than these will be apparent from and can be derived from the description of the specification, the claims, the drawings, and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of a semiconductor device.

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a delay circuit.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are circuit diagrams illustrating configuration examples of a signal processing circuit.

FIG. 4 is a timing chart of a delay circuit.

FIG. 5 is a timing chart of a delay circuit.

FIG. 6 is a timing chart of a delay circuit.

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B are schematic perspective views illustrating a configuration example of a smartphone. FIG. 7C is a conceptual diagram of a sound and signals.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a structure example of a semiconductor device.

FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, and FIG. 9C are cross-sectional views illustrating structure examples of transistors.

FIG. 10A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor. FIG. 10B and FIG. 10C are cross-sectional views illustrating the structure example of the transistor.

FIG. 11A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor. FIG. 11B and FIG. 11C are cross-sectional views illustrating the structure example of the transistor.

FIG. 12A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor. FIG. 12B and FIG. 12C are cross-sectional views illustrating the structure example of the transistor.

FIG. 13A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor. FIG. 13B and FIG. 13C are cross-sectional views illustrating the structure example of the transistor.

FIG. 14A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor. FIG. 14B and FIG. 14C are cross-sectional views illustrating the structure example of the transistor.

FIG. 15A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor. FIG. 15B and FIG. 15C are cross-sectional views illustrating the structure example of the transistor.

FIG. 16A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor. FIG. 16B is a perspective view illustrating the structure example of the transistor.

FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B are cross-sectional views illustrating a structure example of a transistor.

FIG. 18A and FIG. 18C are cross-sectional views of transistors. FIG. 18B and FIG. 18D are diagrams showing electrical characteristics of the transistors.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that the embodiments can be implemented with many different modes, and it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that modes and details thereof can be changed in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Thus, the present invention should not be construed as being limited to the following description of the embodiments.

A plurality of embodiments described below can be combined as appropriate. In addition, in the case where a plurality of structure examples are described in one embodiment, the structure examples can be combined as appropriate.

Note that in the drawings attached to this specification, the block diagram in which components are classified according to their functions and shown as independent blocks is illustrated; however, it is difficult to separate actual components completely according to their functions, and it is possible for one component to relate to a plurality of functions.

In the drawings and the like, the size, the layer thickness, the region, or the like is exaggerated for clarity in some cases. Therefore, they are not limited to the illustrated scale. The drawings schematically show ideal examples, and shapes, values, or the like are not limited to those shown in the drawings.

In the drawings and the like, the same elements, elements having similar functions, elements formed of the same material, elements formed at the same time, or the like are sometimes denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is not repeated in some cases.

In this specification and the like, the term “film” and the term “layer” can be interchanged with each other. For example, the term “conductive layer” can be changed into the term “conductive film” in some cases. As another example, the term “insulating film” can be changed into the term “insulating layer” in some cases.

In this specification and the like, the terms for describing arrangement, such as “over” and “under”, do not necessarily mean “directly over” and “directly under”, respectively, in the positional relationship between components. For example, the expression “a gate electrode over a gate insulating layer” does not exclude the case where there is an additional component between the gate insulating layer and the gate electrode.

In this specification and the like, ordinal numbers such as “first”, “second”, and “third” are used in order to avoid confusion among components, and the terms do not limit the components numerically.

In this specification and the like, “electrically connected” includes the case where connection is made through an “object having any electric function”. There is no particular limitation on the “object having any electric function” as long as electric signals can be transmitted and received between components that are connected through the object. Examples of the “object having any electric function” include a switching element such as a transistor, a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, and other elements with a variety of functions as well as an electrode and a wiring.

In this specification and the like, “voltage” often refers to a potential difference between a given potential and a reference potential (e.g., a ground potential). Thus, a voltage and a potential difference can be interchanged with each other.

In this specification and the like, a transistor is an element having at least three terminals including a gate, a drain, and a source. A channel formation region is included between the drain (a drain terminal, a drain region, or a drain electrode) and the source (a source terminal, a source region, or a source electrode), and current can flow between the source and the drain through the channel formation region. Note that in this specification and the like, a channel formation region refers to a region through which current mainly flows.

Functions of a source and a drain might be switched when a transistor of opposite polarity is employed or a direction of current flow is changed in circuit operation, for example. Thus, the terms of a source and a drain are interchangeable for use in this specification and the like.

Unless otherwise specified, off-state current in this specification and the like refers to drain current of a transistor in an off state (also referred to as a non-conducting state or a cutoff state). Unless otherwise specified, the off state of an n-channel transistor refers to a state where voltage Vgs of a gate with respect to a source is lower than a threshold voltage Vth, and the off state of a p-channel transistor refers to a state where the voltage Vgs of a gate with respect to a source is higher than the threshold voltage Vth. That is, the off-state current of an n-channel transistor sometimes refers to a drain current at the time when the voltage Vgs of a gate with respect to a source is lower than the threshold voltage Vth.

In the above description of the off-state current, the drain may be replaced with the source. That is, the off-state current sometimes refers to source current when a transistor is in an off state. In addition, leakage current sometimes expresses the same meaning as off-state current. Furthermore, in this specification and the like, the off-state current sometimes refers to current that flows between a source and a drain when a transistor is in an off state.

In this specification and the like, a metal oxide means an oxide of metal in a broad sense. Metal oxides are classified into an oxide insulator, an oxide conductor (including a transparent oxide conductor), an oxide semiconductor, and the like.

For example, in the case where a metal oxide is used in a channel formation region of a transistor, the metal oxide is called an oxide semiconductor in some cases. That is, in the case where a metal oxide has at least one of an amplifying function, a rectifying function, and a switching function, the metal oxide can be called a metal oxide semiconductor. In other words, a transistor containing a metal oxide in a channel formation region can be referred to as an “oxide semiconductor transistor” or an “OS transistor”. Similarly, the “transistor using an oxide semiconductor” described above is also a transistor containing a metal oxide in a channel formation region.

Furthermore, in this specification and the like, a metal oxide containing nitrogen is also referred to as a metal oxide in some cases. A metal oxide containing nitrogen may be referred to as a metal oxynitride. The details of a metal oxide will be described later.

Embodiment 1

In this embodiment, a configuration example of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described. The semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention has a function of a sound source separation device that includes a plurality of microphones and emphasizes a sound emitted from a target direction by giving a delay to an electric signal output from each microphone and adding the resulting signals. Utilizing the fact that a difference in distance between a sound source and each microphone corresponds to a difference in time of flight (ToF) of a sound, a sound emitted from a target direction can be emphasized and separated.

<Configuration Example of Semiconductor Device>

A semiconductor device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a microphone 10_1 to a microphone 10_N (N is a natural number of 2 or more), a delay circuit 20_1 to a delay circuit 20_N, and a signal processing circuit 30. The microphone 10_1 to the microphone 10_N are collectively referred to as a microphone array.

Note that the reference numeral “microphone 10” is used to refer to a given microphone among the microphone 10_1 to the microphone 10_N, whereas a reference numeral such as “microphone 10_1” or “microphone 10_2” is used to specify one of them. The same applies to other components, and a reference numeral such as “_1” or “_2” is used to distinguish a plurality of components. Moreover, in the drawings described in this specification and the like, the flow of main signals is indicated by an arrow or a line, and a power supply line and the like are omitted in some cases.

The microphone 10_1 to the microphone 10_N have a function of converting a sound input thereto into an electric signal and outputting the electric signal. Note that in this specification and the like, an electric signal output from the microphone 10_1 to the microphone 10_N is referred to as a sound source signal, and the microphone 10_1 to the microphone 10_N are described or shown as respectively outputting a sound source signal D_1 to a sound source signal D_N.

The delay circuit 20_1 to the delay circuit 20_N are provided for the corresponding microphones 10. The sound source signal D_1 to the sound source signal D_N are respectively input to the delay circuit 201 to the delay circuit 20_N, and the delay circuit 201 to the delay circuit 20_N have a function of generating a signal obtained by delaying a corresponding one of the sound source signal D_1 to the sound source signal D_N. The delay circuit 20_1 to the delay circuit 20_N each include a selection circuit 21, a plurality of signal retention circuits 22, and a selection circuit 23.

<Description of Delay Circuit>

The selection circuit 21 (also referred to as first selection circuit) has a function of a demultiplexer that distributes any one of the sound source signal D_1 to the sound source signal D_N, for example, the sound source signal D_1 to the plurality of signal retention circuits 22. The selection circuit 21 has a function of a switch, and the on state (also referred to as conducting state) and the off state (also referred to as non-conducting state) can be controlled with a selection signal W. For example, the selection signal W can be a digital signal represented by high level or low level, and the selection circuit 21 can be composed of n-channel transistors. In this case, the transistors included in the selection circuit 21 are turned on by a high-level selection signal W and turned off by a low-level selection signal W.

The plurality of signal retention circuits 22 have a function of retaining an analog potential corresponding to the sound source signal and outputting a potential corresponding to the analog potential. An analog potential is written to the retention circuit 22 by turning on the switch included in the selection circuit 21 at a predetermined time and sampling a sound source signal. In other words, an analog potential is written to the signal retention circuit 22 by setting the selection signal W to high level, and the analog potential is retained in the signal retention circuit 22 by setting the selection signal W to low level.

Note that the plurality of signal retention circuits 22 sample and retain sound source signals at different times. That is, the plurality of signal retention circuits 22 successively sample the sound source signals, thereby retaining discrete values of the sound source signals output from the microphones 10.

The plurality of signal retention circuits 22 also have a function of amplifying and outputting the retained analog potential. For example, the plurality of signal retention circuits 22 each include a source follower circuit and have a function of outputting a potential corresponding to the retained analog potential through the source follower circuit.

The selection circuit 23 (also referred to as second selection circuit) has a function of a multiplexer that selects any one of the analog potentials retained in the plurality of signal retention circuits 22 and outputs it at a different time. The selection circuit 23 has a function of a switch, and the on/off state is controlled with a selection signal S. For example, the selection signal S can be a digital signal represented by high level or low level, and the selection circuit 23 can be composed of n-channel transistors. In this case, the transistors included in the selection circuit 23 are turned on by a high-level selection signal S and turned off by a low-level selection signal S.

The selection circuit 23 is provided in each of the delay circuit 20_1 to the delay circuit 20_N and outputs a corresponding one of an output signal Q_1 to an output signal Q_N. The output signal Q_1 is a signal corresponding to the sound source signal D_1 and is a discrete signal obtained by consecutively outputting the analog potentials retained in the plurality of signal retention circuits 22 included in the delay circuit 201.

Similarly, the output signal Q_2 to the output signal Q_N are signals corresponding to the sound source signal D_2 to the sound source signal D_N, and are discrete signals obtained by consecutively outputting the analog potentials retained in the signal retention circuits 22 included in the delay circuit 20_2 to the delay circuit 20_N.

The output signal Q_1 corresponds to a signal obtained by delaying the sound source signal D_1 by a predetermined time. Similarly, the output signal Q_2 to the output signal Q_N correspond to signals obtained by delaying the sound source signal D_2 to the sound source signal D_N by a predetermined time. That is, by setting the selection signal S to high level with a delay of a predetermined time from the selection signal W, the selection circuits 23 can output the output signal Q_1 to the output signal Q_N, which are delayed from the sound source signal D_1 to the sound source signal D_N by a predetermined time.

<Configuration Example of Delay Circuit>

Next, a circuit configuration example of the delay circuit 20 is described. FIG. 2 illustrates a circuit configuration example of the delay circuit 20_1 as a representative of the delay circuits 20.

The delay circuit 201 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes m signal retention circuits 22 (m is a natural number of 2 or more). FIG. 2 illustrates transistors 101 included in the selection circuit 21, the transistor 101 to a transistor 103 and a capacitor C11 that are included in the signal retention circuit 22, and transistors 104 included in the selection circuit 23. The transistor 101 to the transistor 104 are n-channel transistors. The transistor 101 and the transistor 104 each function as a switch that is turned on when the selection signal W or the selection signal S is at high level and is turned off when the selection signal W or the selection signal S is at low level.

FIG. 2 illustrates a selection signal W_1 to a selection signal W_m as the selection signal W for the selection circuit 21. The selection signal W_1 to the selection signal W_m are signals for sampling the analog potential of the sound source signal D_1 at different times. The analog potentials sampled in the selection circuit 21 are retained in a node F11 to a node F1 m.

FIG. 2 shows that the transistors 102 and the transistors 103 configure source follower circuits, and the node F11 to the node F1 m are connected to gates of the transistors 102 that serve as input terminals of the source follower circuits. A bias potential VB of the source follower circuits is applied to gates of the transistors 103, and the potentials of a node O11 to a node O1 m that serve as output terminals of the source follower circuits correspond to the analog potentials of the node F11 to the node F1 m. The existence of the source follower circuits can improve the capability of supplying current to the selection circuit 23 in the subsequent stage; however, the source follower circuits are not always necessary. Furthermore, although the configuration in which the capacitors C11 are connected to the node FIT to the node F1 m is shown, the capacitors C11 can sometimes be omitted, for example, when the gate capacitance of the transistors 102 is sufficiently large.

FIG. 2 illustrates a selection signal S_11 to a selection signal S_1 m as the selection signal S for the selection circuit 23. By selecting and outputting the potentials of the node O11 to the node O1 m that correspond to the sampled analog potentials, the selection circuit 23 can generate the output signal Q_1, which is delayed from the sound source signal D_1 by a predetermined time.

The circuit configuration example of the delay circuit 20_1 has been described, and the same applies to the delay circuit 20_2 to the delay circuit 20_N. That is, the delay circuit 20_1 to the delay circuit 20_N have a function of sampling the analog potential of a corresponding one of the sound source signal D_1 to the sound source signal D_N, a function of retaining the sampled analog potential, and a function of delaying the retained analog potential by a predetermined time and outputting the delayed potential. The delay circuit 20 can delay the sound source signal by a predetermined time without converting the sound source signal into a digital signal.

<Transistor Configuring Delay Circuit>

Note that a transistor containing a metal oxide in its channel formation region (OS transistor) is preferably used as the transistors that configure the delay circuit 20. In the configuration of one embodiment of the present invention, an analog potential obtained by sampling a sound source signal can be retained in the signal retention circuit 22 included in the delay circuit 20 with the use of the OS transistor's property of extremely low off-state current. That is, the signal retention circuit 22 using OS transistors can accurately output the retained analog potential even when the potential is delayed by a predetermined time. Alternatively, the capacitor C11 can be made small, whereby a large number of signal retention circuits 22 can be mounted.

Here, off-state current refers to drain current of a transistor in an off state. An oxide semiconductor has a bandgap of 2.5 eV or larger, preferably 3.0 eV or larger; thus, an OS transistor has characteristics of low leakage current due to thermal excitation and extremely low off-state current. An off-state current per micrometer of channel width of an OS transistor can be, for example, lower than or equal to 100 zA/m, lower than or equal to 10 zA/m, lower than or equal to 1 zA/m, or lower than or equal to 10 yA/m.

Moreover, an OS transistor has characteristics such that the on-state current is less likely to increase even at high temperatures and the ratio of on-state current to off-state current is large even at high temperatures. For example, even at high temperatures ranging from 125° C. to 150° C., an OS transistor can perform favorable switching operation, and the delay circuit 20 using OS transistors has high reliability even at high temperatures.

A metal oxide used in a channel formation region of an OS transistor is preferably an oxide semiconductor containing at least one of indium (In) and zinc (Zn). A typical example of such an oxide semiconductor is an In-M-Zn oxide (an element M is Al, Ga, Y, or Sn, for example). Reducing both impurities serving as electron donors (donors), such as moisture and hydrogen, and oxygen vacancies can make an oxide semiconductor i-type (intrinsic) or substantially i-type. Such an oxide semiconductor can be referred to as a highly purified oxide semiconductor. Note that the details of an OS transistor will be described in Embodiment 2 and Embodiment 3.

In the signal retention circuit 22 using OS transistors, an analog potential is written by charging or discharging of electric charge, and thus the number of rewriting analog potentials is substantially unlimited. Unlike a magnetic memory, a resistive random access memory, or the like, the signal retention circuit 22 using OS transistors does not undergo a structural change at the atomic level and thus has superior rewrite endurance. In addition, unlike a flash memory, the signal retention circuit 22 using OS transistors does not show instability in characteristics due to an increase of electron trap centers even when rewrite operation is repeatedly performed.

An OS transistor is a thin film transistor and thus can be stacked. For example, an OS transistor can be provided over a circuit configured with S1 transistors formed in a single crystal silicon substrate. It is therefore easy to integrate a large number of delay circuits 20.

Alternatively, as the transistors that configure the delay circuit 20, transistors other than OS transistors may be used as long as their off-state current is low. For example, a transistor in which a channel formation region includes a semiconductor with a wide bandgap may be used. The semiconductor with a wide bandgap sometimes refers to a semiconductor whose bandgap is higher than or equal to 2.2 eV, and examples thereof include silicon carbide, gallium nitride, and diamond.

<Configuration Example of Signal Processing Circuit>

The signal processing circuit 30 has a function of adding (summing up) the output signal Q_1 to the output signal Q_N, which are output from the delay circuit 20_1 to the delay circuit 20_N, and outputting the resulting signal. FIG. 3A illustrates a circuit configuration example of the signal processing circuit 30. The signal processing circuit 30 illustrated in FIG. 3A represents a circuit configuration example using an operational amplifier.

The signal processing circuit 30 includes an operational amplifier 110, a resistor R11, a resistor R21 to a resistor R2N, and a capacitor C21 to a capacitor C2N. The output signal Q_1 to the output signal Q_N are input to one terminal of a corresponding one of the capacitor C21 to the capacitor C2N, and the other terminals of the capacitor C21 to the capacitor C2N are electrically connected to one terminal of a corresponding one of the resistor R21 to the resistor R2N.

The other terminals of the resistor R21 to the resistor R2N are electrically connected to a non-inverting input terminal (represented as “+” in FIG. 3A) of the operational amplifier 110, and the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier 110 and an output terminal of the operational amplifier 110 are electrically connected to each other through the resistor R11. An output signal D_OUT is output from the output terminal of the operational amplifier 110.

Note that in the case where the output signal Q_1 to the output signal Q_N are equally added, for example, the resistor R21 to the resistor R2N may be the same resistor R20 and the capacitor C21 to the capacitor C2N may be the same capacitor C20 (see FIG. 3B).

<Operation Example 1 of Delay Circuit>

FIG. 4 is a timing chart for showing an operation in which the delay circuit 20_1 samples the analog potential of the sound source signal D_1.

FIG. 4 is a timing chart in the case where the delay circuit 201 includes three signal retention circuits 22 (m=3). That is, in the timing chart shown in FIG. 4, the delay circuit 20_1 samples the analog potential of the sound source signal D_1 at three different times.

FIG. 4 shows the waveform of the sound source signal D_1 and the behavior at Time T11 to Time T13 of the selection signal W_1 to the selection signal W_3 and potentials written to the node F11 to the node F13. In the timing chart, a period with hatching represents an unstable state.

At Time T11, the selection signal W_1 is set to high level, and a potential V1 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F11, whereby the sound source signal D_1 is sampled. At Time T12 after an interval of a period DT, the selection signal W_2 is set to high level, and a potential V2 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F12, whereby the sound source signal D_1 is sampled.

To be precise, the potential of the sound source signal D_1 is sampled at the timing when the selection signal W changes from high level to low level. Furthermore, the period DT is preferably short. With a larger number of samplings of the sound source signal, sound quality degradation due to sampling of discrete values of the sound source signal can be suppressed.

Similarly, at Time T13, the selection signal W_3 is set to high level, and a potential V3 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F13, whereby the sound source signal D_1 is sampled. The potential V1 to the potential V3 held at the node F11 to the node F13 can be retained by setting the selection signal W_1 to the selection signal W_3 to low level. To initialize the retained potentials, for example, as shown at Time T14, the selection signal W_1 is set to high level while the sound source signal having a constant potential is supplied.

<Operation Example 2 of Delay Circuit>

FIG. 5 is a timing chart for showing an operation in which the delay circuit 20_1 and the delay circuit 20_2 sample analog potentials of the sound source signal D_1 and the sound source signal D_2, respectively, and generate the output signal Q_1 and the output signal Q_2 that are delayed by a predetermined time.

In FIG. 5, the delay circuit 20_1 generates the output signal Q_1 obtained by delaying the sound source signal D_1 by a period DT_1, and the delay circuit 20_2 generates the output signal Q_2 obtained by delaying the sound source signal D_2 by a period DT_2. Moreover, the delay circuit 20_1 and the delay circuit 20_2 each include three signal retention circuits 22 (m=3).

FIG. 5 shows the behavior at Time T21 to Time T27 of the selection signal W_1 to the selection signal W_3, the selection signal S_11 to the selection signal S_13, a selection signal S_21 to a selection signal S_23, potentials written to the node F11 to the node F13, and potentials written to anode F21 to anode F23. As in FIG. 4, a period with hatching represents an unstable state.

At Time T21, the selection signal W_1 is set to high level, and a potential V_11 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F11 and a potential V_21 of the sound source signal D_2 is written to the node F21. Similarly, at Time T22, the selection signal W_2 is set to high level, and a potential V_12 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F12 and a potential V_22 of the sound source signal D_2 is written to the node F22. At Time T23, the selection signal W_3 is set to high level, and a potential V_13 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F13 and a potential V_23 of the sound source signal D_2 is written to the node F23.

In FIG. 5, at Time T23, the selection signal S_11 is set to high level, and the potential V_11 retained at the node F11 is output as the output signal Q_1. Similarly, at Time T24, the selection signal S_12 is set to high level, and the potential V_12 retained at the node F12 is output as the output signal Q_1. At Time T25, the selection signal S_13 is set to high level, and the potential V_13 retained at the node F13 is output as the output signal Q_1.

In other words, the delay circuit 20_1 delays the sound source signal D_1 by a time obtained by subtracting Time T21 from Time T23. The time obtained by subtracting Time T21 from Time T23 corresponds to the period DT_1. To be precise, the time corresponding to the period DT_1 has a margin of error because the potential V_11 to the potential V_13 are held at the timing when the selection signal W changes from high level to low level.

At Time T24, the selection signal S_21 is set to high level, and the potential V_21 retained at the node F21 is output as the output signal Q_2. Similarly, at Time T25, the selection signal S_22 is set to high level, and the potential V_22 retained at the node F22 is output as the output signal Q_2. At Time T26, the selection signal S_23 is set to high level, and the potential V_23 retained at the node F23 is output as the output signal Q_2.

In other words, the delay circuit 20_2 delays the sound source signal D_2 by a time obtained by subtracting Time T21 from Time T24. The time obtained by subtracting Time T21 from Time T24 corresponds to the period DT_2. To be precise, the time corresponding to the period DT_2 has a margin of error because the potential V_21 to the potential V_23 are held at the timing when the selection signal W changes from high level to low level.

<Operation Example 3 of Delay Circuit>

In reality, to sample analog potentials of a continuous sound source signal, the number of signal retention circuits 22 included in the delay circuit 20 needs to be large enough to retain the analog potentials for a time longer than a time by which the sound source signal is to be delayed.

For example, in FIG. 5, when the delay circuit 20_2 delays the sound source signal D_2 by the period DT_2, the potential V_21 retained at the node F21 is output as the output signal Q_2 at Time T24; however, since the potential V_21 to the potential V_23 have been respectively written to the node F21 to the node F23 at Time T21 to Time T23, the potential of the sound source signal D_2 at Time T24 cannot be written.

In view of this, FIG. 6 shows a timing chart for describing an operation in which the delay circuit 20_1 samples analog potentials of a continuous sound source signal. FIG. 6 enlarges a portion that is related to the delay circuit 20_1 and extracted from the timing chart in FIG. 5.

In FIG. 6, the potential V_11 to the potential V_13 are respectively written to the node F11 to the node F13 at Time T21 to Time T23, and the potential V_11 to the potential V_13 are sequentially output as the output signal Q_1 at Time T23 to Time T25; this is the same as the description in FIG. 5.

In FIG. 6, at Time T24, the selection signal W_1 is set to high level again, and a potential V_14 at Time T24 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F11. Since the delay circuit 20_1 outputs the potential V_11, which has been retained at the node F11, as the output signal Q_1 at Time T23, the potential V_11 retained at the node F11 can be overwritten.

Similarly, at Time T25, the selection signal W_2 is set to high level, and a potential V_15 at Time T25 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F12; at Time T26, the selection signal W_3 is set to high level, and a potential V_16 at Time T26 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F13; at Time T27, the selection signal W_1 is set to high level, and a potential V_17 at Time T27 of the sound source signal D_1 is written to the node F11.

Similarly, at Time T26, the selection signal S_11 is set to high level again, and the potential V_14 retained at the node F11 is output as the output signal Q_1; at Time T27, the selection signal S_12 is set to high level, and the potential V_15 retained at the node F12 is output as the output signal Q_1

In this manner, the delay circuit 20_1 can continue the operation of sampling the analog potential of the sound source signal D_1 while generating the output signal Q_1, which is delayed from the sound source signal D_1 by the period DT_1.

Note that in FIG. 5, in order that the delay circuit 20_2 continues the operation of sampling the analog potential of the sound source signal D_2 while generating the output signal Q_2, which is delayed from the sound source signal D_2 by the period DT_2, the delay circuit 20_2 includes four signal retention circuits 22 (m=4).

By including a sufficient number of signal retention circuits 22 to retain analog potentials for a time longer than a time by which the sound source signal is to be delayed, the delay circuit 20 is capable of sampling the analog potentials of a continuous sound source signal and delaying the sound source signal by a predetermined time. Note that “a sufficient number of signal retention circuits 22 to retain analog potentials for a time longer than a time by which a sound source signal is to be delayed” can be calculated from the time by which the sound source signal is to be delayed and the interval between samplings of the sound source signal (the period DT shown in FIG. 4).

<Usage Example of Semiconductor Device>

Next, an example in which the above-described semiconductor device 100 is mounted on an electronic device is described. In this embodiment, the case where the semiconductor device 100 is mounted on a smartphone (portable information terminal) is described as an example.

FIG. 7A is a schematic perspective view of a smartphone 120 including the semiconductor device 100. The smartphone 120 includes a housing 121, a display portion 122, operation buttons 123, a speaker 124, and the microphone 10_1 to the microphone 10_4. The microphone 10_1 to the microphone 10_4 are provided at the four corners of the smartphone 120, as illustrated in FIG. 7A. In addition, a touch panel is provided in the display portion 122 as an input interface.

FIG. 7A assumes the case where the user of the smartphone 120 holds the smartphone 120 with the right hand and puts the speaker 124 to the right ear (or near the right ear), and a sound source 125 (the user's mouth) is placed at a distance of approximately 100 mm from the microphone 10_1 in the normal direction of the display portion 122. In this case, a sound around the sound source 125 can be emphasized, for example, by using the microphone 10_1 to the microphone 103, giving an appropriate delay time to sound source signals output from them, and adding the resulting signals.

FIG. 7B shows an example of the distance between each of the microphone 10_1 to the microphone 10_3 and the sound source 125 in the smartphone 120 and the size of the smartphone 120. Moreover, FIG. 7B shows the smartphone 120 in FIG. 7A from a different angle and does not show the reference numerals.

In FIG. 7B, the distance between the microphone 10_1 and the microphone 10_3 positioned in the long-side direction of the smartphone 120 is 140 mm, the distance between the microphone 10_1 and the microphone 10_2 positioned in the short-side direction is 70 mm, and the distance between the microphone 10_1 and the sound source 125 is 100 mm. In this case, the distance between the microphone 10_2 and the sound source 125 is approximately 122 mm, and the distance between the microphone 10_3 and the sound source 125 is approximately 172 mm.

Assuming that the speed of sound is 340 m/s, the time taken for a sound emitted from the sound source 125 to transmit to the microphone 10_1 is calculated as approximately 294 μs, the time taken to transmit to the microphone 102 is calculated as approximately 359 μs, and the time taken to transmit to the microphone 10_3 is calculated as approximately 506 μs.

That is, when a signal obtained by delaying the sound source signal of the microphone 101 by 212 μs and a signal obtained by delaying the sound source signal of the microphone 102 by 147 μs are added to the sound source signal of the microphone 103, a sound around the sound source 125 can be emphasized.

FIG. 7C is a conceptual diagram showing a state where a sound emitted from the sound source 125 is transmitted to the microphone 10_1 to the microphone 103, and a state where the delay circuit 20_1 to the delay circuit 20_3 respectively delay the sound source signal D_1 to the sound source signal D_3.

In FIG. 7C, the sound emitted from the sound source 125 first reaches the microphone 101, which is the closest to the sound source 125 (shown in the middle row of FIG. 7C). Next, the sound reaches the microphone 10_2 (shown in the top row of FIG. 7C), and a difference t1 from the time when the sound reaches the microphone 10_1 is approximately 65 μs. Lastly, the sound reaches the microphone 10_3 (shown in the bottom row of FIG. 7C), and a difference t2 from the time when the sound reaches the microphone 10_2 is approximately 147 μs.

The delay circuit 20_1 delays the sound source signal D_1 by 212 s, which is the sum of the difference t1 and the difference t2; the delay circuit 20_2 delays the sound source signal D_2 by 147 s, which corresponds to the difference t2; the delay circuit 20_3 outputs the sound source signal D_3 without delay (with a delay of 0 s). That is, the output signal Q_1 to the output signal Q_3 can be signals with the same waveform (which may also be referred to as signals with the same phase) although the waveforms of the sound source signal D_1 to the sound source signal D_3 are not aligned with each other.

Note that in the case where a microphone which the sound emitted from the sound source 125 reaches lastly is known in advance (the microphone 103 in the example of FIG. 7A to FIG. 7C), the semiconductor device 100 may be configured not to include the delay circuit 20_3.

In preparation for the case where the user of the smartphone 120 holds the smartphone 120 with the left hand, the smartphone 120 preferably has several settings to accommodate a different sound source, such as a setting for using the microphone 101, the microphone 10_2, and the microphone 10_4. The user can use the smartphone 120 with the settings switched in accordance with circumstances.

In the example of FIG. 7A to FIG. 7C, the semiconductor device 100 can emphasize the sound around the sound source 125 by using three microphones 10, three delay circuits 20, and the signal processing circuit 30. Since the delay circuit 20 is capable of delaying the analog sound source signal without conversion and outputting the resulting signal, the semiconductor device 100 does not require an A/D converter circuit for converting the sound source signal into a digital signal and thus can be reduced in circuit scale. In addition, sound source separation can be performed with low power consumption. The semiconductor device 100 is suitable particularly when a large number of microphones 10 and delay circuits 20 are provided or for a portable information terminal, for example, which needs to be small and lightweight and has a long operating time with a battery.

Note that this embodiment can be implemented in combination with the other embodiments described in this specification as appropriate.

Embodiment 2

In this embodiment, an example of a structure of an OS transistor that can be used in the semiconductor device 100 described in the above embodiment will be described. Since an OS transistor is a thin film transistor and can be provided to be stacked, a structure example of a semiconductor device in which an OS transistor is provided above a S1 transistor formed in a single crystal silicon substrate will be described in this embodiment.

<Structure Example of Semiconductor Device>

A semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 8 includes a transistor 300, a transistor 500, and a capacitor 600. FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view of the transistor 500 in the channel length direction, FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of the transistor 500 in the channel width direction, and FIG. 9C is a cross-sectional view of the transistor 300 in the channel width direction.

The transistor 500 is a transistor including a metal oxide in its channel formation region (an OS transistor). Since the off-state current of the transistor 500 is low, the use of the transistor 500 in the signal retention circuit 22 included in the delay circuit 20 in the above embodiment enables the signal retention circuit 22 to accurately output the retained analog potential. Alternatively, the capacitor C11 can be made small.

The semiconductor device described in this embodiment includes the transistor 300, the transistor 500, and the capacitor 600 as illustrated in FIG. 8. The transistor 500 is provided above the transistor 300, and the capacitor 600 is provided above the transistor 300 and the transistor 500.

The transistor 300 is provided on a substrate 311 and includes a conductor 316, an insulator 315, a semiconductor region 313 that is a part of the substrate 311, and a low-resistance region 314 a and a low-resistance region 314 b functioning as a source region and a drain region.

As illustrated in FIG. 9C, in the transistor 300, a top surface and a side surface in the channel width direction of the semiconductor region 313 are covered with the conductor 316 with the insulator 315 therebetween. Such a Fin-type transistor 300 can have an increased effective channel width, and thus have improved on-state characteristics. In addition, since contribution of an electric field of a gate electrode can be increased, the off-state characteristics of the transistor 300 can be improved.

Note that the transistor 300 can be either a p-channel transistor or an n-channel transistor.

It is preferable that a region of the semiconductor region 313 where a channel is formed, a region in the vicinity thereof, the low-resistance region 314 a and the low-resistance region 314 b functioning as the source region and the drain region, and the like contain a semiconductor such as a silicon-based semiconductor, further preferably single crystal silicon. Alternatively, these regions may be formed using a material containing Ge (germanium), SiGe (silicon germanium), GaAs (gallium arsenide), GaAlAs (gallium aluminum arsenide), or the like. A structure may be employed in which silicon whose effective mass is controlled by applying stress to the crystal lattice and changing the lattice spacing is used. Alternatively, the transistor 300 may be an HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) with GaAs and GaAlAs, or the like.

The low-resistance region 314 a and the low-resistance region 314 b contain an element that imparts n-type conductivity, such as arsenic or phosphorus, or an element that imparts p-type conductivity, such as boron, in addition to the semiconductor material used for the semiconductor region 313.

The conductor 316 functioning as a gate electrode can be formed using a semiconductor material such as silicon containing an element that imparts n-type conductivity, such as arsenic or phosphorus, or an element that imparts p-type conductivity, such as boron, or using a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, or a metal oxide material.

Note that since the work function of a conductor depends on a material of the conductor, Vth of the transistor can be adjusted by changing the material of the conductor. Specifically, it is preferable to use a material such as titanium nitride or tantalum nitride for the conductor. Moreover, in order to ensure both conductivity and embeddability, it is preferable to use stacked layers of metal materials such as tungsten and aluminum for the conductor, and it is particularly preferable to use tungsten in terms of heat resistance.

Note that the transistor 300 illustrated in FIG. 8 is just an example and is not limited to having the structure shown therein; an appropriate transistor can be used in accordance with the circuit configuration or the driving method.

An insulator 320, an insulator 322, an insulator 324, and an insulator 326 are stacked in this order to cover the transistor 300.

The insulator 320, the insulator 322, the insulator 324, and the insulator 326 can be formed using, for example, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, aluminum nitride oxide, or aluminum nitride.

The insulator 322 may have a function of a planarization film for eliminating a level difference caused by the transistor 300 or the like provided below the insulator 322. For example, the top surface of the insulator 322 may be planarized by planarization treatment using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method or the like to improve planarity.

The insulator 324 is preferably formed using a film having a barrier property that prevents diffusion of hydrogen or impurities from the substrate 311, the transistor 300, or the like into the region where the transistor 500 is provided.

For the film having a barrier property against hydrogen, silicon nitride formed by a CVD method can be used, for example. Here, diffusion of hydrogen to a semiconductor element including an oxide semiconductor, such as the transistor 500, degrades the characteristics of the semiconductor element in some cases. Therefore, a film that inhibits hydrogen diffusion is preferably used between the transistor 500 and the transistor 300. The film that inhibits hydrogen diffusion is specifically a film from which a small amount of hydrogen is released.

The amount of released hydrogen can be measured by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), for example. The amount of hydrogen released from the insulator 324 that is converted into hydrogen atoms per area of the insulator 324 is less than or equal to 10×10¹⁵ atoms/cm², preferably less than or equal to 5×10¹⁵ atoms/cm², in the TDS analysis in a film-surface temperature range of 50° C. to 500° C., for example.

Note that the permittivity of the insulator 326 is preferably lower than that of the insulator 324. For example, the dielectric constant of the insulator 326 is preferably lower than 4, further preferably lower than 3. The dielectric constant of the insulator 326 is, for example, preferably 0.7 times or less, further preferably 0.6 times or less the dielectric constant of the insulator 324. When a material with a low dielectric constant is used for an interlayer film, the parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced

A conductor 328, a conductor 330, and the like that are connected to the capacitor 600 or the transistor 500 are embedded in the insulator 320, the insulator 322, the insulator 324, and the insulator 326. Note that the conductor 328 and the conductor 330 have a function of a plug or a wiring. A plurality of conductors functioning as plugs or wirings are collectively denoted by the same reference numeral in some cases. Moreover, in this specification and the like, a wiring and a plug connected to the wiring may be a single component. That is, there are cases where part of a conductor functions as a wiring and another part of the conductor functions as a plug.

As a material for each of plugs and wirings (the conductor 328, the conductor 330, and the like), a single layer or stacked layers of a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, or a metal oxide material can be used. It is preferable to use a high-melting-point material that has both heat resistance and conductivity, such as tungsten or molybdenum, and it is particularly preferable to use tungsten. Alternatively, it is preferable to use a low-resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper. The use of a low-resistance conductive material can reduce wiring resistance.

A wiring layer may be provided over the insulator 326 and the conductor 330. For example, in FIG. 8, an insulator 350, an insulator 352, and an insulator 354 are provided to be stacked in this order. Furthermore, a conductor 356 is formed in the insulator 350, the insulator 352, and the insulator 354. The conductor 356 has a function of a plug or a wiring that is connected to the transistor 300. Note that the conductor 356 can be provided using a material similar to those for the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.

For example, like the insulator 324, the insulator 350 is preferably formed using an insulator having a barrier property against hydrogen. The conductor 356 preferably contains a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen. In particular, the conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen is formed in an opening portion of the insulator 350 having a barrier property against hydrogen. With this structure, the transistor 300 and the transistor 500 can be separated by the barrier layer, so that diffusion of hydrogen from the transistor 300 into the transistor 500 can be inhibited.

For the conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen, tantalum nitride is preferably used, for example. In addition, the use of a stack including tantalum nitride and tungsten, which has high conductivity, can inhibit diffusion of hydrogen from the transistor 300 while the conductivity of a wiring is kept. In that case, a structure is preferable in which a tantalum nitride layer having a barrier property against hydrogen is in contact with the insulator 350 having a barrier property against hydrogen.

A wiring layer may be provided over the insulator 354 and the conductor 356. For example, in FIG. 8, an insulator 360, an insulator 362, and an insulator 364 are provided to be stacked in this order. Furthermore, a conductor 366 is formed in the insulator 360, the insulator 362, and the insulator 364. The conductor 366 has a function of a plug or a wiring. Note that the conductor 366 can be provided using a material similar to those for the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.

For example, like the insulator 324, the insulator 360 is preferably formed using an insulator having a barrier property against hydrogen. Furthermore, the conductor 366 preferably contains a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen. In particular, the conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen is formed in an opening portion of the insulator 360 having a barrier property against hydrogen. With this structure, the transistor 300 and the transistor 500 can be separated by the barrier layer, so that diffusion of hydrogen from the transistor 300 into the transistor 500 can be inhibited.

A wiring layer may be provided over the insulator 364 and the conductor 366. For example, in FIG. 8, an insulator 370, an insulator 372, and an insulator 374 are provided to be stacked in this order. Furthermore, a conductor 376 is formed in the insulator 370, the insulator 372, and the insulator 374. The conductor 376 has a function of a plug or a wiring. Note that the conductor 376 can be provided using a material similar to those for the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.

For example, like the insulator 324, the insulator 370 is preferably formed using an insulator having a barrier property against hydrogen. Furthermore, the conductor 376 preferably contains a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen. In particular, the conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen is formed in an opening portion of the insulator 370 having a barrier property against hydrogen. With this structure, the transistor 300 and the transistor 500 can be separated by the barrier layer, so that diffusion of hydrogen from the transistor 300 into the transistor 500 can be inhibited.

A wiring layer may be provided over the insulator 374 and the conductor 376. For example, in FIG. 8, an insulator 380, an insulator 382, and an insulator 384 are provided to be stacked in this order. Furthermore, a conductor 386 is formed in the insulator 380, the insulator 382, and the insulator 384. The conductor 386 has a function of a plug or a wiring. Note that the conductor 386 can be provided using a material similar to those for the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.

For example, like the insulator 324, the insulator 380 is preferably formed using an insulator having a barrier property against hydrogen. Furthermore, the conductor 386 preferably contains a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen. In particular, the conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen is formed in an opening portion of the insulator 380 having a barrier property against hydrogen. With this structure, the transistor 300 and the transistor 500 can be separated by the barrier layer, so that diffusion of hydrogen from the transistor 300 into the transistor 500 can be inhibited.

Although the wiring layer including the conductor 356, the wiring layer including the conductor 366, the wiring layer including the conductor 376, and the wiring layer including the conductor 386 are described above, the semiconductor device of this embodiment is not limited thereto. Three or less wiring layers that are similar to the wiring layer including the conductor 356 may be provided, or five or more wiring layers that are similar to the wiring layer including the conductor 356 may be provided.

An insulator 510, an insulator 512, an insulator 514, and an insulator 516 are provided to be stacked in this order over the insulator 384. A substance having a barrier property against oxygen or hydrogen is preferably used for any of the insulator 510, the insulator 512, the insulator 514, and the insulator 516.

For example, the insulator 510 and the insulator 514 are preferably formed using a film having a barrier property that prevents diffusion of hydrogen or impurities from the substrate 311, the region where the transistor 300 is provided, or the like into the region where the transistor 500 is provided. Thus, a material similar to that for the insulator 324 can be used.

For the film having a barrier property against hydrogen, silicon nitride formed by a CVD method can be used, for example. Here, diffusion of hydrogen to a semiconductor element including an oxide semiconductor, such as the transistor 500, degrades the characteristics of the semiconductor element in some cases. Therefore, a film that inhibits hydrogen diffusion is preferably used between the transistor 500 and the transistor 300. The film that inhibits hydrogen diffusion is specifically a film from which a small amount of hydrogen is released.

For the film having a barrier property against hydrogen used as the insulator 510 and the insulator 514, for example, a metal oxide such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or tantalum oxide is preferably used.

In particular, aluminum oxide has a high blocking effect that inhibits the passage of both oxygen and impurities such as hydrogen and moisture which are factors of a change in electrical characteristics of the transistor. Thus, aluminum oxide can prevent the entry of impurities such as hydrogen and moisture into the transistor 500 in the fabrication process and after the fabrication of the transistor. In addition, release of oxygen from the oxide included in the transistor 500 can be inhibited. Therefore, aluminum oxide is suitably used for a protective film of the transistor 500.

The insulator 512 and the insulator 516 can be formed using a material similar to that for the insulator 320, for example. When a material with a relatively low permittivity is used for the interlayer film, the parasitic capacitance between wirings can be reduced. Silicon oxide films, silicon oxynitride films, or the like can be used as the insulator 512 and the insulator 516, for example.

A conductor 518, a conductor included in the transistor 500 (a conductor 503), and the like are embedded in the insulator 510, the insulator 512, the insulator 514, and the insulator 516. Note that the conductor 518 has a function of a plug or a wiring that is connected to the capacitor 600 or the transistor 300. The conductor 518 can be provided using a material similar to those for the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.

In particular, the conductor 518 in a region in contact with the insulator 510 and the insulator 514 is preferably a conductor having a barrier property against oxygen, hydrogen, and water. With this structure, the transistor 300 and the transistor 500 can be separated by the layer having a barrier property against oxygen, hydrogen, and water; thus, the diffusion of hydrogen from the transistor 300 into the transistor 500 can be inhibited.

The transistor 500 is provided above the insulator 516.

As illustrated in FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, the transistor 500 includes the conductor 503 positioned to be embedded in the insulator 514 and the insulator 516; an insulator 520 positioned over the insulator 516 and the conductor 503; an insulator 522 positioned over the insulator 520; an insulator 524 positioned over the insulator 522; an oxide 530 a positioned over the insulator 524; an oxide 530 b positioned over the oxide 530 a; a conductor 542 a and a conductor 542 b positioned apart from each other over the oxide 530 b; an insulator 580 that is positioned over the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b and is provided with an opening formed to overlap a region between the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b; a conductor 560 positioned in the opening; an insulator 550 positioned between the conductor 560 and the oxide 530 b, the conductor 542 a, the conductor 542 b, and the insulator 580; and an oxide 530 c positioned between the insulator 550 and the oxide 530 b, the conductor 542 a, the conductor 542 b, and the insulator 580.

As illustrated in FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, an insulator 544 is preferably positioned between the insulator 580 and the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, the conductor 542 a, and the conductor 542 b. As illustrated in FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, the conductor 560 preferably includes a conductor 560 a provided on the inner side of the insulator 550 and a conductor 560 b provided to be embedded on the inner side of the conductor 560 a. Moreover, as illustrated in FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, an insulator 574 is preferably positioned over the insulator 580, the conductor 560, and the insulator 550.

Hereinafter, the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, and the oxide 530 c may be collectively referred to as an oxide 530. The conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b may be collectively referred to as a conductor 542.

The transistor 500 has a structure in which three layers of the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, and the oxide 530 c are stacked in the region where the channel is formed and its vicinity; however, the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, a single layer of the oxide 530 b, a two-layer structure of the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 a, a two-layer structure of the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 c, or a stacked-layer structure of four or more layers may be employed. Furthermore, although the conductor 560 is shown to have a stacked-layer structure of two layers in the transistor 500, the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the conductor 560 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of three or more layers. The transistor 500 illustrated in FIG. 8, FIG. 9A, and FIG. 9B is just an example and is not limited to the structure shown therein; an appropriate transistor can be used in accordance with a circuit structure or a driving method.

Here, the conductor 560 functions as a gate electrode of the transistor, and the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b function as a source electrode and a drain electrode. As described above, the conductor 560 is formed to be embedded in the opening of the insulator 580 and the region between the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b. The positions of the conductor 560, the conductor 542 a, and the conductor 542 b are selected in a self-aligned manner with respect to the opening of the insulator 580. That is, in the transistor 500, the gate electrode can be positioned between the source electrode and the drain electrode in a self-aligned manner. Thus, the conductor 560 can be formed without an alignment margin, resulting in a reduction in the area occupied by the transistor 500. Accordingly, miniaturization and high integration of the semiconductor device can be achieved.

In addition, since the conductor 560 is formed in the region between the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b in a self-aligned manner, the conductor 560 does not have a region overlapping the conductor 542 a or the conductor 542 b. Thus, parasitic capacitance formed between the conductor 560 and each of the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b can be reduced. As a result, the switching speed of the transistor 500 can be improved, and the transistor 500 can have high frequency characteristics.

The conductor 560 sometimes functions as a first gate (also referred to as top gate) electrode. In addition, the conductor 503 sometimes functions as a second gate (also referred to as bottom gate) electrode. In that case, Vth of the transistor 500 can be controlled by changing a potential applied to the conductor 503 independently of a potential applied to the conductor 560. In particular, Vth of the transistor 500 can be higher than 0 V and the off-state current can be reduced by applying a negative potential to the conductor 503. Thus, a drain current at the time when a potential applied to the conductor 560 is 0 V can be lower in the case where a negative potential is applied to the conductor 503 than in the case where a negative potential is not applied to the conductor 503.

The conductor 503 is positioned to be overlapped by the oxide 530 and the conductor 560. Thus, when potentials are applied to the conductor 560 and the conductor 503, an electric field generated from the conductor 560 and an electric field generated from the conductor 503 are connected, so that the channel formation region formed in the oxide 530 can be covered. In this specification and the like, a transistor structure in which a channel formation region is electrically surrounded by electric fields of a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode is referred to as a surrounded channel (S-channel) structure.

Furthermore, in this specification and the like, the S-channel structure has a feature in that the side surface and the vicinity of the oxide 530 in contact with the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b functioning as the source electrode and the drain electrode are of i-type like the channel formation region. The side surface and the vicinity of the oxide 530 in contact with the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b are in contact with the insulator 544 and thus can be of i-type like the channel formation region. Note that in this specification and the like, “i-type” can be equated with “highly purified intrinsic” to be described later. The S-channel structure disclosed in this specification and the like is different from a Fin-type structure and a planar structure. With the S-channel structure, resistance to a short-channel effect can be enhanced, that is, a transistor in which a short-channel effect is less likely to occur can be provided.

The conductor 503 has a structure similar to that of the conductor 518; a conductor 503 a is formed in contact with an inner wall of an opening in the insulator 514 and the insulator 516, and a conductor 503 b is formed on the inner side.

The insulator 520, the insulator 522, the insulator 524, and the insulator 550 have a function of a gate insulating film.

Here, as the insulator 524 in contact with the oxide 530, an insulator that contains oxygen more than oxygen in the stoichiometric composition is preferably used. That is, an excess-oxygen region is preferably formed in the insulator 524. When such an insulator containing excess oxygen is provided in contact with the oxide 530, oxygen vacancies in the oxide 530 can be reduced and the reliability of the transistor 500 can be improved.

As the insulator including an excess-oxygen region, specifically, an oxide material that releases part of oxygen by heating is preferably used. An oxide that releases oxygen by heating is an oxide film in which the amount of released oxygen converted into oxygen atoms is greater than or equal to 1.0×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, preferably greater than or equal to 1.0×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³, further preferably greater than or equal to 2.0×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³ or greater than or equal to 3.0×10²⁰ atoms/cm³ in TDS (Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy) analysis. Note that the temperature of the film surface in the TDS analysis is preferably within the range of 100° C. to 700° C., or 100° C. to 400° C.

When the insulator 524 includes an excess-oxygen region, it is preferable that the insulator 522 have a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules) (or that the insulator 522 be less likely to transmit the above oxygen).

When the insulator 522 has a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen or impurities, oxygen contained in the oxide 530 is not diffused to the insulator 520 side, which is preferable. Furthermore, the conductor 503 can be inhibited from reacting with oxygen contained in the insulator 524 or the oxide 530.

For example, the insulator 522 is preferably formed using a single layer or stacked layers of an insulator containing what is called a high-k material, such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), or (Ba,Sr)TiO₃ (BST). With miniaturization and high integration of transistors, a problem such as leakage current may arise because of a thinner gate insulating film. When a high-k material is used for the insulator functioning as the gate insulating film, a gate potential at the time when the transistor operates can be reduced while the physical thickness is maintained.

It is particularly preferable to use an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, which is an insulating material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities, oxygen, and the like (i.e., an insulating material through which the above oxygen is less likely to pass). As the insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like is preferably used. In the case where the insulator 522 is formed using such a material, the insulator 522 functions as a layer that inhibits release of oxygen from the oxide 530 and mixing of impurities such as hydrogen from the periphery of the transistor 500 into the oxide 530.

Alternatively, aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, or zirconium oxide may be added to these insulators, for example. Alternatively, these insulators may be subjected to nitriding treatment. Silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon nitride may be stacked over the insulator.

It is preferable that the insulator 520 be thermally stable. For example, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride, which have thermal stability, are preferable. Furthermore, when an insulator which is a high-k material is combined with silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride, the insulator 520 having a stacked-layer structure that has thermal stability and a high dielectric constant can be obtained.

Note that the insulator 520, the insulator 522, and the insulator 524 may each have a stacked-layer structure of two or more layers. In such cases, without limitation to a stacked-layer structure formed of the same material, a stacked-layer structure formed of different materials may be employed.

In the transistor 500, a metal oxide functioning as an oxide semiconductor is preferably used as the oxide 530 including the channel formation region. For example, as the oxide 530, a metal oxide such as an In-M-Zn oxide (the element M is one or more kinds selected from aluminum, gallium, yttrium, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, and the like) is preferably used. Furthermore, as the oxide 530, an In—Ga oxide or an In—Zn oxide may be used.

Furthermore, a metal oxide with a low carrier density is preferably used in the transistor 500. In order to reduce the carrier density of the metal oxide, the concentration of impurities in the metal oxide is reduced so that the density of defect states can be reduced. In this specification and the like, a state with a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states is referred to as a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic state. Examples of impurities in a metal oxide include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, iron, nickel, and silicon.

In particular, hydrogen contained in a metal oxide reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to be water, and thus forms oxygen vacancies in the metal oxide in some cases. If the channel formation region in the metal oxide includes oxygen vacancies, the transistor sometimes has normally-on characteristics. In some cases, a defect that is an oxygen vacancy into which hydrogen enters functions as a donor and generates an electron serving as a carrier. In other cases, bonding of part of hydrogen to oxygen bonded to a metal atom generates electrons serving as carriers. Thus, a transistor using a metal oxide containing a large amount of hydrogen is likely to have normally-on characteristics.

A defect in which hydrogen has entered an oxygen vacancy can function as a donor of a metal oxide. However, it is difficult to evaluate the defects quantitatively. Thus, the metal oxide is sometimes evaluated by not its donor concentration but its carrier density. Therefore, in this specification and the like, as the parameter of the metal oxide, the carrier density assuming the state where an electric field is not applied is sometimes used instead of the donor concentration. That is, “carrier density” in this specification and the like can be replaced with “donor concentration” in some cases.

Consequently, when a metal oxide is used for the oxide 530, hydrogen in the metal oxide is preferably reduced as much as possible. Specifically, the hydrogen concentration of the metal oxide, which is measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), is lower than 1×10²⁰ atoms/cm³, preferably lower than 1×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³, further preferably lower than 5×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, still further preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³. When a metal oxide with a sufficiently low concentration of impurities such as hydrogen is used for a channel formation region of a transistor, the transistor can have stable electrical characteristics.

When a metal oxide is used for the oxide 530, the carrier density of the metal oxide in the channel formation region is preferably lower than or equal to 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³, further preferably lower than 1×10¹⁷ cm⁻³, further preferably lower than 1×10¹⁶ cm⁻³, further preferably lower than 1×10¹³ cm⁻³, further preferably lower than 1×10¹² cm⁻³. Note that the lower limit of the carrier density of the metal oxide in the channel formation region is not particularly limited and can be, for example, 1×10⁻⁹ cm⁻³.

When a metal oxide is used for the oxide 530, contact between the conductor 542 (the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b) and the oxide 530 may make oxygen in the oxide 530 diffuse into the conductor 542, resulting in oxidation of the conductor 542. It is highly possible that oxidation of the conductor 542 lowers the conductivity of the conductor 542. Note that diffusion of oxygen in the oxide 530 into the conductor 542 can be interpreted as absorption of oxygen in the oxide 530 by the conductor 542.

When oxygen in the oxide 530 is diffused into the conductor 542 (the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b), a layer is sometimes formed between the conductor 542 a and the oxide 530 b, and between the conductor 542 b and the oxide 530 b. The layer contains more oxygen than the conductor 542 does, and thus presumably has an insulating property. In this case, a three-layer structure of the conductor 542, the layer, and the oxide 530 b can be regarded as a three-layer structure of a metal, an insulator, and a semiconductor and is sometimes referred to as a MIS (Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor) structure or a diode junction structure having an MIS structure as its main part.

The above layer is not necessarily formed between the conductor 542 and the oxide 530 b, but the layer may be formed between the conductor 542 and the oxide 530 c, or formed between the conductor 542 and the oxide 530 b and between the conductor 542 and the oxide 530 c.

The metal oxide functioning as the channel formation region in the oxide 530 has a bandgap of preferably 2 eV or higher, further preferably 2.5 eV or higher. With the use of a metal oxide having such a wide bandgap, the off-state current of the transistor can be reduced.

When the oxide 530 includes the oxide 530 a under the oxide 530 b, it is possible to inhibit diffusion of impurities into the oxide 530 b from the components formed below the oxide 530 a. Moreover, including the oxide 530 c over the oxide 530 b makes it possible to inhibit diffusion of impurities into the oxide 530 b from the components formed above the oxide 530 c.

Note that the oxide 530 preferably has a stacked-layer structure of oxides that differ in the atomic ratio of metal atoms. Specifically, the atomic proportion of the element M in the constituent elements in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 a is preferably higher than the atomic proportion of the element Min the constituent elements in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 b. In addition, the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 a is preferably higher than the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 b. Furthermore, the atomic ratio of In to the element Min the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 b is preferably higher than the atomic ratio of In to the element Min the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 a. A metal oxide that can be used as the oxide 530 a or the oxide 530 b can be used as the oxide 530 c.

The energy of the conduction band minimum of each of the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 c is preferably higher than the energy of the conduction band minimum of the oxide 530 b. In other words, the electron affinity of each of the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 c is preferably smaller than the electron affinity of the oxide 530 b.

The energy level of the conduction band minimum gradually changes at junction portions of the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, and the oxide 530 c. In other words, the energy level of the conduction band minimum at the junction portions of the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, and the oxide 530 c continuously changes or is continuously connected. To obtain this, the density of defect states in a mixed layer formed at the interface between the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 b and the interface between the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 c is preferably made low.

Specifically, when the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 b or the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 c contain a common element (as a main component) in addition to oxygen, a mixed layer with a low density of defect states can be formed. For example, in the case where the oxide 530 b is an In—Ga—Zn oxide, an In—Ga—Zn oxide, a Ga—Zn oxide, gallium oxide, or the like is preferably used as the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 c.

At this time, the oxide 530 b serves as a main carrier path. When the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 c have the above structure, the density of defect states at the interface between the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 b and the interface between the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 c can be made low. Thus, the influence of interface scattering on carrier conduction is small, and the transistor 500 can have a high on-state current.

The conductor 542 (the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b) functioning as the source electrode and the drain electrode is provided over the oxide 530 b. For the conductor 542, it is preferable to use a metal element selected from aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, and lanthanum; an alloy containing any of the above metal elements; an alloy containing a combination of the above metal elements; or the like. For example, it is preferable to use tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten, a nitride containing titanium and aluminum, a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, or the like. Tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, a nitride containing titanium and aluminum, a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, and an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel are preferable because they are oxidation-resistant conductive materials or materials that retain their conductivity even after absorbing oxygen.

As illustrated in FIG. 9A, a region 543 (a region 543 a and a region 543 b) is sometimes formed as a low-resistance region at and near the interface between the oxide 530 and the conductor 542. In that case, the region 543 a functions as one of a source region and a drain region, and the region 543 b functions as the other of the source region and the drain region. Furthermore, the channel formation region is formed in a region between the region 543 a and the region 543 b.

When the conductor 542 is provided in contact with the oxide 530, the oxygen concentration in the region 543 sometimes decreases. In addition, a metal compound layer that contains the metal contained in the conductor 542 and the component of the oxide 530 is sometimes formed in the region 543. In such a case, the carrier density of the region 543 increases, and the region 543 becomes a low-resistance region.

The insulator 544 is provided to cover the conductor 542 and inhibits oxidation of the conductor 542. At this time, the insulator 544 may be provided to cover a side surface of the oxide 530 and to be in contact with the insulator 524.

A metal oxide containing one or more kinds selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, magnesium, and the like can be used as the insulator 544.

For the insulator 544, it is particularly preferable to use an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, for example, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate). In particular, hafnium aluminate has higher heat resistance than a hafnium oxide film. Therefore, hafnium aluminate is preferable because it is less likely to be crystallized by heat treatment in a later step. Note that the insulator 544 is not an essential component when the conductor 542 is an oxidation-resistant material or does not significantly lose its conductivity even after absorbing oxygen. Design is appropriately set in consideration of required transistor characteristics.

The insulator 550 functions as a gate insulating film. The insulator 550 is preferably positioned in contact with the inner side (the top surface and the side surface) of the oxide 530 c. The insulator 550 is preferably formed using an insulator from which oxygen is released by heating. For example, the insulator 550 is an oxide film in which the amount of released oxygen converted into oxygen atoms is greater than or equal to 1.0×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, preferably greater than or equal to 1.0×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³, further preferably greater than or equal to 2.0×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³ or greater than or equal to 3.0×10²⁰ atoms/cm³ in TDS analysis. Note that the temperature of the film surface in the TDS analysis is preferably within the range of 100° C. to 700° C.

Specifically, silicon oxide containing excess oxygen, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, porous silicon oxide, or the like can be used. In particular, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride, which have thermal stability, are preferable.

When an insulator from which oxygen is released by heating is provided as the insulator 550 in contact with the top surface of the oxide 530 c, oxygen can be effectively supplied from the insulator 550 to the channel formation region of the oxide 530 b through the oxide 530 c. Furthermore, as in the insulator 524, the concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen in the insulator 550 is preferably reduced. The thickness of the insulator 550 is preferably greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm.

To efficiently supply excess oxygen contained in the insulator 550 to the oxide 530, a metal oxide may be provided between the insulator 550 and the conductor 560. The metal oxide preferably inhibits diffusion of oxygen from the insulator 550 to the conductor 560. Providing the metal oxide that inhibits diffusion of oxygen inhibits diffusion of excess oxygen from the insulator 550 to the conductor 560. That is, a reduction in the amount of excess oxygen supplied to the oxide 530 can be inhibited. Moreover, oxidation of the conductor 560 due to excess oxygen can be inhibited. For the metal oxide, a material that can be used for the insulator 544 is used.

Although the conductor 560 functioning as the first gate electrode has a two-layer structure in FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, the conductor 560 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of three or more layers.

For the conductor 560 a, it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, a nitrogen atom, a nitrogen molecule, a nitrogen oxide molecule (N₂O, NO, NO₂, and the like), and a copper atom. Alternatively, it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., at least one of an oxygen atom, an oxygen molecule, and the like). When the conductor 560 a has a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen, it is possible to inhibit a reduction in conductivity of the conductor 560 b due to oxidation caused by oxygen contained in the insulator 550. As a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen, for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, or the like is preferably used.

Furthermore, the conductor 560 b also functions as a wiring and thus is preferably a conductor having high conductivity. For example, a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component can be used. Moreover, the conductor 560 b may have a stacked-layer structure, for example, a stacked-layer structure of the above conductive material and titanium or titanium nitride.

The insulator 580 is provided over the conductor 542 with the insulator 544 therebetween. The insulator 580 preferably includes an excess-oxygen region. For example, the insulator 580 preferably contains silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, porous silicon oxide, a resin, or the like. In particular, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride, which have thermal stability, are preferable. In particular, silicon oxide and porous silicon oxide are preferable because an excess-oxygen region can be easily formed in a later step.

The insulator 580 preferably includes an excess-oxygen region. When the insulator 580 from which oxygen is released by heating is provided in contact with the oxide 530 c, oxygen in the insulator 580 can be efficiently supplied to the oxide 530 through the oxide 530 c. Note that the concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen in the insulator 580 is preferably lowered.

The opening of the insulator 580 is formed to overlap the region between the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b. Accordingly, the conductor 560 is formed to be embedded in the opening of the insulator 580 and the region between the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b.

The gate length needs to be short for miniaturization of the semiconductor device, but it is necessary to prevent a reduction in conductivity of the conductor 560. When the conductor 560 is made thick to achieve this, the conductor 560 might have a shape with a high aspect ratio. In this embodiment, the conductor 560 is provided to be embedded in the opening of the insulator 580; thus, even when the conductor 560 has a shape with a high aspect ratio, the conductor 560 can be formed without collapsing during the process.

The insulator 574 is preferably provided in contact with the top surface of the insulator 580, the top surface of the conductor 560, and the top surface of the insulator 550. When the insulator 574 is deposited by a sputtering method, excess-oxygen regions can be provided in the insulator 550 and the insulator 580. Thus, oxygen can be supplied from the excess-oxygen regions to the oxide 530.

For example, a metal oxide containing one or more kinds selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, magnesium, and the like can be used as the insulator 574.

In particular, aluminum oxide has a high barrier property, and even a thin aluminum oxide film having a thickness greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 3.0 nm can inhibit diffusion of hydrogen and nitrogen. Thus, aluminum oxide deposited by a sputtering method serves as an oxygen supply source and can also have a function of a barrier film against impurities such as hydrogen.

An insulator 581 functioning as an interlayer film is preferably provided over the insulator 574. As in the insulator 524 and the like, the concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen in the insulator 581 is preferably lowered.

A conductor 540 a and a conductor 540 b are positioned in openings formed in the insulator 581, the insulator 574, the insulator 580, and the insulator 544. The conductor 540 a and the conductor 540 b are provided to face each other with the conductor 560 therebetween. The structures of the conductor 540 a and the conductor 540 b are similar to a structure of a conductor 546 and a conductor 548 that will be described later.

An insulator 582 is provided over the insulator 581. A substance having a barrier property against oxygen or hydrogen is preferably used for the insulator 582. Therefore, a material similar to that for the insulator 514 can be used for the insulator 582. For the insulator 582, a metal oxide such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or tantalum oxide is preferably used, for example.

In particular, aluminum oxide has a high blocking effect that inhibits the passage of both oxygen and impurities such as hydrogen and moisture which are factors of a change in electrical characteristics of the transistor. Thus, aluminum oxide can prevent the entry of impurities such as hydrogen and moisture into the transistor 500 in the fabrication process and after the fabrication of the transistor. In addition, release of oxygen from the oxide included in the transistor 500 can be inhibited. Therefore, aluminum oxide is suitably used for a protective film of the transistor 500.

An insulator 586 is provided over the insulator 582. For the insulator 586, a material similar to that for the insulator 320 can be used. When a material with a relatively low permittivity is used for the interlayer film, the parasitic capacitance between wirings can be reduced. A silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, or the like can be used for the insulator 586, for example.

The conductor 546, the conductor 548, and the like are embedded in the insulator 520, the insulator 522, the insulator 524, the insulator 544, the insulator 580, the insulator 574, the insulator 581, the insulator 582, and the insulator 586.

The conductor 546 and the conductor 548 have functions of plugs or wirings that are connected to the capacitor 600, the transistor 500, or the transistor 300. The conductor 546 and the conductor 548 can be provided using a material similar to those for the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.

Next, the capacitor 600 is provided above the transistor 500. The capacitor 600 includes a conductor 610, a conductor 620, and an insulator 630.

A conductor 612 may be provided over the conductor 546 and the conductor 548. The conductor 612 has a function of a plug or a wiring that is connected to the transistor 500. The conductor 610 has a function of an electrode of the capacitor 600. The conductor 612 and the conductor 610 can be formed at the same time.

The conductor 612 and the conductor 610 can be formed using a metal film containing an element selected from molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper, chromium, neodymium, and scandium; a metal nitride film containing any of the above elements as its component (a tantalum nitride film, a titanium nitride film, a molybdenum nitride film, or a tungsten nitride film); or the like. Alternatively, it is possible to use a conductive material such as indium tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, or indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added.

Although the conductor 612 and the conductor 610 are shown to have a single-layer structure in FIG. 8, the structure is not limited thereto, and a stacked-layer structure of two or more layers may be employed. For example, between a conductor having a barrier property and a conductor having high conductivity, a conductor that is highly adhesive to the conductor having a barrier property and the conductor having high conductivity may be formed.

The conductor 620 is provided to overlap the conductor 610 with the insulator 630 therebetween. The conductor 620 can be formed using a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, or a metal oxide material. It is preferable to use a high-melting-point material that has both heat resistance and conductivity, such as tungsten or molybdenum, and it is particularly preferable to use tungsten. In addition, in the case where the conductor 620 is formed concurrently with another component such as a conductor, Cu (copper), Al (aluminum), or the like, which is a low-resistance metal material, is used.

An insulator 650 is provided over the conductor 620 and the insulator 630. The insulator 650 can be provided using a material similar to that for the insulator 320. The insulator 650 may function as a planarization film that covers an uneven shape thereunder.

With the use of this structure, a change in electrical characteristics can be inhibited and reliability can be improved in a semiconductor device using a transistor including an oxide semiconductor. Alternatively, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor and having a high on-state current can be provided. Alternatively, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor and having a low off-state current can be provided. Alternatively, a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided. Alternatively, a semiconductor device using a transistor including an oxide semiconductor can be miniaturized or highly integrated.

<Transistor Structure Examples>

Note that the structure of the transistor 500 in the semiconductor device described in this embodiment is not limited to the above. Examples of structures that can be used for the transistor 500 will be described below.

<Transistor Structure Example 1>

A structure example of a transistor 510A is described with reference to FIG. 10A, FIG. 10B, and FIG. 10C. FIG. 10A is a top view of the transistor 510A. FIG. 10B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line L1-L2 in FIG. 10A. FIG. 10C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line W1-W2 in FIG. 10A. Note that for clarification of the drawing, some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 10A.

FIG. 10A, FIG. 10B, and FIG. 10C illustrate the transistor 510A and the insulator 511, the insulator 512, the insulator 514, the insulator 516, the insulator 580, the insulator 582, and an insulator 584 that function as interlayer films. In addition, the conductor 546 (a conductor 546 a and a conductor 546 b) that is electrically connected to the transistor 510A and functions as a contact plug, and the conductor 503 functioning as a wiring are illustrated.

The transistor 510A includes the conductor 560 (the conductor 560 a and the conductor 560 b) functioning as a first gate electrode; a conductor 505 (a conductor 505 a and a conductor 505 b) functioning as a second gate electrode; the insulator 550 functioning as a first gate insulating film; an insulator 521, the insulator 522, and the insulator 524 that function as a second gate insulating film; the oxide 530 (the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, and the oxide 530 c) including a region where a channel is formed; the conductor 542 a functioning as one of a source and a drain; the conductor 542 b functioning as the other of the source and the drain; and the insulator 574.

In the transistor 510A illustrated in FIG. 10, the oxide 530 c, the insulator 550, and the conductor 560 are positioned in an opening portion provided in the insulator 580 with the insulator 574 positioned therebetween. Moreover, the oxide 530 c, the insulator 550, and the conductor 560 are positioned between the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b.

The insulator 511 and the insulator 512 function as interlayer films.

As the interlayer film, a single layer or stacked layers of an insulator such as silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), or (Ba,Sr)TiO₃ (BST) can be used. Alternatively, aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, or zirconium oxide may be added to these insulators, for example. Alternatively, these insulators may be subjected to nitriding treatment. Silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon nitride may be stacked over the insulator.

For example, the insulator 511 preferably functions as a barrier film that inhibits entry of impurities such as water or hydrogen into the transistor 510A from the substrate side. Accordingly, for the insulator 511, it is preferable to use an insulating material that has a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, and a copper atom (through which the above impurities do not easily pass). Alternatively, it is preferable to use an insulating material that has a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., at least one of an oxygen atom, an oxygen molecule, and the like) (through which the above oxygen does not easily pass). Moreover, aluminum oxide or silicon nitride, for example, may be used for the insulator 511. This structure can inhibit diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen and water to the transistor 510A side from the substrate side through the insulator 511.

For example, the permittivity of the insulator 512 is preferably lower than that of the insulator 511. When a material with a low permittivity is used for the interlayer film, the parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.

The conductor 503 is formed to be embedded in the insulator 512. Here, the level of the top surface of the conductor 503 and the level of the top surface of the insulator 512 can be substantially the same. Note that although a structure in which the conductor 503 is a single layer is illustrated, the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the conductor 503 may have a multilayer structure of two or more layers. Note that for the conductor 503, a conductive material that has high conductivity and contains tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component is preferably used.

In the transistor 510A, the conductor 560 sometimes functions as a first gate (also referred to as top gate) electrode. The conductor 505 sometimes functions as a second gate (also referred to as bottom gate) electrode. In that case, the threshold voltage of the transistor 510A can be controlled by changing a potential applied to the conductor 505 independently of a potential applied to the conductor 560. In particular, when a negative potential is applied to the conductor 505, the threshold voltage of the transistor 510A can be higher than 0 V, and the off-state current can be reduced. Thus, a drain current at the time when a potential applied to the conductor 560 is 0 V can be lower in the case where a negative potential is applied to the conductor 505 than in the case where a negative potential is not applied to the conductor 505.

For example, when the conductor 505 and the conductor 560 overlap each other, in the case where a potential is applied to the conductor 560 and the conductor 505, an electric field generated from the conductor 560 and an electric field generated from the conductor 505 are connected and can cover a channel formation region formed in the oxide 530.

That is, the channel formation region can be electrically surrounded by the electric field of the conductor 560 having a function of the first gate electrode and the electric field of the conductor 505 having a function of the second gate electrode. In other words, the transistor 510A has a surrounded channel (S-channel) structure, like the transistor 500 described above.

Like the insulator 511 or the insulator 512, the insulator 514 and the insulator 516 function as interlayer films. For example, the insulator 514 preferably functions as a barrier film that inhibits entry of impurities such as water or hydrogen into the transistor 510A from the substrate side. This structure can inhibit diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen and water to the transistor 510A side from the substrate side through the insulator 514. Moreover, for example, the insulator 516 preferably has a lower permittivity than the insulator 514. When a material with a low permittivity is used for the interlayer film, the parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.

In the conductor 505 functioning as the second gate, the conductor 505 a is formed in contact with an inner wall of an opening in the insulator 514 and the insulator 516, and the conductor 505 b is formed further inside. Here, the top surfaces of the conductor 505 a and the conductor 505 b and the top surface of the insulator 516 can be substantially level with each other. Although the transistor 510A having a structure in which the conductor 505 a and the conductor 505 b are stacked is illustrated, the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the conductor 505 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of three or more layers.

Here, for the conductor 505 a, it is preferable to use a conductive material that has a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, and a copper atom (through which the above impurities are less likely to pass). Alternatively, it is preferable to use a conductive material that has a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., at least one of an oxygen atom, an oxygen molecule, and the like) (through which the above oxygen is less likely to pass). Note that in this specification, a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities or oxygen means a function of inhibiting diffusion of any one or all of the above impurities and the above oxygen.

For example, when the conductor 505 a has a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen, a reduction in conductivity of the conductor 505 b due to oxidation can be inhibited.

In the case where the conductor 505 doubles as a wiring, the conductor 505 b is preferably formed using a conductive material that has high conductivity and contains tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component. In that case, the conductor 503 is not necessarily provided. Note that the conductor 505 b is illustrated as a single layer but may have a stacked-layer structure, for example, a stacked-layer structure of any of the above conductive materials and titanium or titanium nitride.

The insulator 521, the insulator 522, and the insulator 524 function as a second gate insulating film.

The insulator 522 preferably has a barrier property. The insulator 522 having a barrier property functions as a layer that inhibits entry of impurities such as hydrogen into the transistor 510A from the surroundings of the transistor 510A.

For the insulator 522, a single layer or stacked layers of an insulator containing what is called a high-k material, such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), or (Ba,Sr)TiO₃ (BST), are preferably used, for example. With miniaturization and high integration of transistors, a problem such as leakage current may arise because of a thinner gate insulating film. When a high-k material is used for the insulator functioning as the gate insulating film, a gate potential at the time when the transistor operates can be reduced while the physical thickness is maintained.

It is preferable that the insulator 521 be thermally stable. For example, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride, which have thermal stability, are preferable. In addition, a combination of an insulator of a high-k material and silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride allows the insulator 521 to have a stacked-layer structure with thermal stability and a high dielectric constant.

Note that the second gate insulating film is shown to have a stacked-layer structure of three layers in FIG. 10, but may be two or less layers or have a stacked-layer structure of four or more layers. In such cases, without limitation to a stacked-layer structure formed of the same material, a stacked-layer structure formed of different materials may be employed.

The oxide 530 including a region functioning as the channel formation region includes the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b over the oxide 530 a, and the oxide 530 c over the oxide 530 b. Including the oxide 530 a under the oxide 530 b makes it possible to inhibit diffusion of impurities into the oxide 530 b from the components formed below the oxide 530 a. Moreover, including the oxide 530 c over the oxide 530 b makes it possible to inhibit diffusion of impurities into the oxide 530 b from the components formed above the oxide 530 c. As the oxide 530, the above-described oxide semiconductor, which is one type of metal oxide, can be used.

Note that the oxide 530 c is preferably provided in the opening portion in the insulator 580 with the insulator 574 positioned therebetween. When the insulator 574 has a barrier property, diffusion of impurities from the insulator 580 into the oxide 530 can be inhibited.

One of the conductors 542 functions as a source electrode and the other functions as a drain electrode.

For the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b, a metal such as aluminum, titanium, chromium, nickel, copper, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, tantalum, or tungsten or an alloy containing any of the metals as its main component can be used. In particular, a metal nitride film of tantalum nitride or the like is preferable because it has a barrier property against hydrogen or oxygen and high oxidation resistance.

Although FIG. 10 illustrates the case where the conductor 542 has a single-layer structure, a stacked-layer structure of two or more layers may be employed. For example, it is preferable to stack a tantalum nitride film and a tungsten film. Alternatively, a titanium film and an aluminum film may be stacked. Alternatively, a two-layer structure where an aluminum film is stacked over a tungsten film, a two-layer structure where a copper film is stacked over a copper-magnesium-aluminum alloy film, a two-layer structure where a copper film is stacked over a titanium film, or a two-layer structure where a copper film is stacked over a tungsten film may be employed.

Other examples include a three-layer structure where a titanium film or a titanium nitride film is formed, an aluminum film or a copper film is stacked over the titanium film or the titanium nitride film, and a titanium film or a titanium nitride film is formed thereover; and a three-layer structure where a molybdenum film or a molybdenum nitride film is formed, an aluminum film or a copper film is stacked over the molybdenum film or the molybdenum nitride film, and a molybdenum film or a molybdenum nitride film is formed thereover. Note that a transparent conductive material containing indium oxide, tin oxide, or zinc oxide may be used.

A barrier layer may be provided over the conductor 542. The barrier layer is preferably formed using a substance having a barrier property against oxygen or hydrogen. This structure can inhibit oxidation of the conductor 542 at the time of depositing the insulator 574.

A metal oxide can be used for the barrier layer, for example. In particular, an insulating film of aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, gallium oxide, or the like, which has a barrier property against oxygen and hydrogen, is preferably used. Alternatively, silicon nitride formed by a CVD method may be used.

With the barrier layer, the range of choices for the material of the conductor 542 can be expanded. For example, a material having a low oxidation resistance and high conductivity, such as tungsten or aluminum, can be used for the conductor 542. Moreover, for example, a conductor that can be easily deposited or processed can be used.

The insulator 550 functions as a first gate insulating film. The insulator 550 is preferably provided in the opening portion in the insulator 580 with the oxide 530 c and the insulator 574 positioned therebetween.

With miniaturization and high integration of transistors, a problem such as leakage current may arise because of a thinner gate insulating film. In that case, the insulator 550 may have a stacked-layer structure like the second gate insulating film. When the insulator functioning as the gate insulating film has a stacked-layer structure of a high-k material and a thermally stable material, a gate potential at the time when the transistor operates can be reduced while the physical thickness is maintained. Furthermore, the stacked-layer structure can be thermally stable and have a high dielectric constant.

The conductor 560 functioning as the first gate electrode includes the conductor 560 a and the conductor 560 b over the conductor 560 a. Like the conductor 505 a, the conductor 560 a is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, and a copper atom. Alternatively, it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., at least one of an oxygen atom, an oxygen molecule, and the like).

When the conductor 560 a has a function of inhibiting oxygen diffusion, the range of choices for the material of the conductor 560 b can be expanded. That is, the conductor 560 a inhibits oxidation of the conductor 560 b, thereby preventing the decrease in conductivity.

As a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, or ruthenium oxide is preferably used, for example. For the conductor 560 a, the oxide semiconductor that can be used as the oxide 530 can be used. In that case, when the conductor 560 b is deposited by a sputtering method, the conductor 560 a can have a reduced electric resistance to be a conductor. This can be referred to as an OC (Oxide Conductor) electrode.

The conductor 560 b functions as a wiring and thus is preferably formed using a conductor having high conductivity. For example, a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component can be used. The conductor 560 b may have a stacked-layer structure, for example, a stacked-layer structure of titanium or titanium nitride and the above conductive material.

The insulator 574 is positioned between the insulator 580 and the transistor 510A. For the insulator 574, an insulating material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen and impurities such as water or hydrogen is preferably used. For example, aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide is preferably used. Moreover, it is possible to use, for example, a metal oxide such as magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, or tantalum oxide or silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, or the like.

The insulator 574 can inhibit diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in the insulator 580 into the oxide 530 b through the oxide 530 c and the insulator 550. Furthermore, oxidation of the conductor 560 due to excess oxygen contained in the insulator 580 can be inhibited.

The insulator 580, the insulator 582, and the insulator 584 function as interlayer films.

Like the insulator 514, the insulator 582 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that inhibits entry of impurities such as water or hydrogen into the transistor 510A from the outside.

Like the insulator 516, the insulator 580 and the insulator 584 preferably have a lower permittivity than the insulator 582. When a material with a low permittivity is used for the interlayer film, the parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.

The transistor 510A may be electrically connected to another component through a plug or a wiring such as the conductor 546 embedded in the insulator 580, the insulator 582, and the insulator 584.

As a material for the conductor 546, a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, or a metal oxide material can be used as a single layer or stacked layers, as in the case of the conductor 505. For example, it is preferable to use a high-melting-point material that has both heat resistance and conductivity, such as tungsten or molybdenum. Alternatively, it is preferable to use a low-resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper. The use of a low-resistance conductive material can reduce wiring resistance.

For example, when the conductor 546 has a stacked-layer structure of tantalum nitride or the like, which is a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen and oxygen, and tungsten, which has high conductivity, diffusion of impurities from the outside can be inhibited while the conductivity of the wiring is maintained.

With the above structure, a semiconductor device including a transistor that contains an oxide semiconductor and has a high on-state current can be provided. Alternatively, a semiconductor device using a transistor that contains an oxide semiconductor and has a low off-state current can be provided. Alternatively, a semiconductor device that has small variations in electrical characteristics, stable electrical characteristics, and high reliability can be provided.

<Transistor Structure Example 2>

A structure example of a transistor 510B is described with reference to FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, and FIG. 11C. FIG. 11A is atop view of the transistor 510B. FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line L1-L2 in FIG. 11A. FIG. 11C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line W1-W2 in FIG. 11A. Note that for clarification of the drawing, some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 11A.

The transistor 510B is a variation example of the transistor 510A. Therefore, differences from the transistor 510A will be mainly described to avoid repeated description.

The transistor 510B includes a region where the oxide 530 c, the insulator 550, and the conductor 560 overlap the conductor 542 (the conductor 542 a and the conductor 542 b). With this structure, a transistor having a high on-state current can be provided. Moreover, a transistor having high controllability can be provided.

The conductor 560 functioning as a first gate electrode includes the conductor 560 a and the conductor 560 b over the conductor 560 a. Like the conductor 505 a, the conductor 560 a is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, and a copper atom. Alternatively, it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., at least one of an oxygen atom, an oxygen molecule, and the like).

When the conductor 560 a has a function of inhibiting oxygen diffusion, the range of choices for the material of the conductor 560 b can be expanded. That is, the conductor 560 a inhibits oxidation of the conductor 560 b, thereby preventing the decrease in conductivity.

The insulator 574 is preferably provided to cover the top surface and a side surface of the conductor 560, a side surface of the insulator 550, and a side surface of the oxide 530 c. For the insulator 574, an insulating material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen and impurities such as water or hydrogen is preferably used. For example, aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide is preferably used. Moreover, it is possible to use, for example, a metal oxide such as magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, or tantalum oxide or silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, or the like.

The insulator 574 can inhibit oxidation of the conductor 560. Moreover, the insulator 574 can inhibit diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in the insulator 580 into the transistor 510B.

An insulator 576 (an insulator 576 a and an insulator 576 b) having a barrier property may be provided between the conductor 546 and the insulator 580. Providing the insulator 576 can prevent oxygen in the insulator 580 from reacting with the conductor 546 and oxidizing the conductor 546.

Furthermore, with the insulator 576 having a barrier property, the range of choices for the material of the conductor used as the plug or the wiring can be expanded. The use of a metal material having an oxygen absorbing property and high conductivity for the conductor 546, for example, can provide a semiconductor device with low power consumption. Specifically, a material having a low oxidation resistance and high conductivity, such as tungsten or aluminum, can be used. Moreover, for example, a conductor that can be easily deposited or processed can be used.

<Transistor Structure Example 3>

A structure example of a transistor 510C is described with reference to FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B, and FIG. 12C. FIG. 12A is a top view of the transistor 510C. FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional view of a portion along the dashed-dotted line L1-L2 in FIG. 12A. FIG. 12C is a cross-sectional view of a portion along the dashed-dotted line W1-W2 in FIG. 12A. Note that for clarity of the drawing, some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 12A.

The transistor 510C is a variation example of the transistor 510A. Therefore, differences from the transistor 510A will be mainly described to avoid repeated description.

In the transistor 510C illustrated in FIG. 12, a conductor 547 a is positioned between the conductor 542 a and the oxide 530 b, and a conductor 547 b is positioned between the conductor 542 b and the oxide 530 b. Here, the conductor 542 a (the conductor 542 b) has a region that extends beyond the top surface of the conductor 547 a (the conductor 547 b) and its side surface on the conductor 560 side and is in contact with the top surface of the oxide 530 b. For the conductors 547, a conductor that can be used for the conductor 542 is used. It is preferable that the thickness of the conductor 547 be at least greater than that of the conductor 542.

In the transistor 510C illustrated in FIG. 12, because of the above structure, the conductor 542 can be closer to the conductor 560 than in the transistor 510A. Alternatively, the conductor 560 can overlap an end portion of the conductor 542 a and an end portion of the conductor 542 b. Thus, the effective channel length of the transistor 510C can be shortened, and the on-state current and the frequency characteristics can be improved.

The conductor 547 a (the conductor 547 b) is preferably provided to be overlapped by the conductor 542 a (the conductor 542 b). With such a structure, the conductor 547 a (the conductor 547 b) can function as a stopper to prevent over-etching of the oxide 530 b in etching for forming the opening in which the conductor 546 a (the conductor 546 b) is to be embedded.

The transistor 510C illustrated in FIG. 12 may have a structure in which an insulator 545 is positioned on and in contact with the insulator 544. The insulator 544 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that inhibits entry of impurities such as water or hydrogen and excess oxygen into the transistor 510C from the insulator 580 side. The insulator 544 can be formed using an insulator that can be used for the insulator 545. In addition, the insulator 544 may be formed using a nitride insulator such as aluminum nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, or silicon nitride oxide, for example.

Unlike in the transistor 510A illustrated in FIG. 10, in the transistor 510C illustrated in FIG. 12, the conductor 505 may be provided to have a single-layer structure. In this case, an insulating film to be the insulator 516 is formed over the patterned conductor 505, and an upper portion of the insulating film is removed by a CMP method or the like until the top surface of the conductor 505 is exposed. Preferably, the planarity of the top surface of the conductor 505 is made favorable. For example, the average surface roughness (Ra) of the top surface of the conductor 505 is less than or equal to 1 nm, preferably less than or equal to 0.5 nm, further preferably less than or equal to 0.3 nm. This allows the improvement in planarity of an insulating layer formed over the conductor 505 and the increase in crystallinity of the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 c.

<Transistor Structure Example 4>

A structure example of a transistor 510D is described with reference to FIG. 13A, FIG. 13B, and FIG. 13C. FIG. 13A is a top view of the transistor 510D. FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view of a portion along the dashed-dotted line L1-L2 in FIG. 13A. FIG. 13C is a cross-sectional view of a portion along the dashed-dotted line W1-W2 in FIG. 13A. Note that for simplification of the drawing, some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 13A.

The transistor 510D is a variation example of the above transistors. Therefore, differences from the above transistors will be mainly described to avoid repeated description.

In FIG. 13A to FIG. 13C, the conductor 503 is not provided, and the conductor 505 that has a function of a second gate is made to function also as a wiring. The transistor 500D includes the insulator 550 over the oxide 530 c and a metal oxide 552 over the insulator 550. The conductor 560 is provided over the metal oxide 552, and an insulator 570 is provided over the conductor 560. An insulator 571 is provided over the insulator 570.

The metal oxide 552 preferably has a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen. When the metal oxide 552 that inhibits oxygen diffusion is provided between the insulator 550 and the conductor 560, diffusion of oxygen into the conductor 560 is inhibited. That is, a reduction in the amount of oxygen supplied to the oxide 530 can be inhibited. Moreover, oxidation of the conductor 560 due to oxygen can be inhibited.

Note that the metal oxide 552 may have a function of part of the first gate. For example, the oxide semiconductor that can be used for the oxide 530 can be used for the metal oxide 552. In that case, when the conductor 560 is deposited by a sputtering method, the electric resistance of the metal oxide 552 is lowered so that the metal oxide 552 can become a conductive layer (the above-described OC electrode).

The metal oxide 552 may have a function of part of a gate insulating film. Thus, when silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like is used for the insulator 550, a metal oxide that is a high-k material with a high dielectric constant is preferably used for the metal oxide 552. Such a stacked-layer structure can be thermally stable and can have a high dielectric constant. Thus, a gate potential that is applied when the transistor operates can be lowered while the physical thickness is maintained. In addition, the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of an insulating layer functioning as the gate insulating film can be reduced.

Although the metal oxide 552 in the transistor 510D is shown as a single layer, the metal oxide 552 may have a stacked-layer structure of two or more layers. For example, a metal oxide functioning as part of the gate electrode and a metal oxide functioning as part of the gate insulating film may be stacked.

With the metal oxide 552 functioning as a gate electrode, the on-state current of the transistor 510D can be increased without a reduction in the influence of the electric field from the conductor 560. With the metal oxide 552 functioning as the gate insulating film, the distance between the conductor 560 and the oxide 530 is kept by the physical thicknesses of the insulator 550 and the metal oxide 552, so that leakage current between the conductor 560 and the oxide 530 can be reduced. Thus, with the stacked-layer structure of the insulator 550 and the metal oxide 552, the physical distance between the conductor 560 and the oxide 530 and the intensity of electric field applied from the conductor 560 to the oxide 530 can be easily adjusted as appropriate.

Specifically, the oxide semiconductor that can be used for the oxide 530 can also be used for the metal oxide 552 when the resistance thereof is reduced. Alternatively, a metal oxide containing one kind or two or more kinds selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, magnesium, and the like can be used.

It is particularly preferable to use an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate). In particular, hafnium aluminate has higher heat resistance than a hafnium oxide film. Therefore, hafnium aluminate is preferable because it is less likely to be crystallized by heat treatment in a later step. Note that the metal oxide 552 is not an essential component. Design is appropriately set in consideration of required transistor characteristics.

For the insulator 570, an insulating material having a function of inhibiting the passage of oxygen and impurities such as water and hydrogen is preferably used. For example, aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide is preferably used. Thus, oxidation of the conductor 560 due to oxygen from above the insulator 570 can be inhibited. Moreover, entry of impurities such as water or hydrogen from above the insulator 570 into the oxide 530 through the conductor 560 and the insulator 550 can be inhibited.

The insulator 571 functions as a hard mask. By providing the insulator 571, the conductor 560 can be processed to have a side surface that is substantially vertical; specifically, an angle formed by the side surface of the conductor 560 and a substrate surface can be greater than or equal to 75° and less than or equal to 100°, preferably greater than or equal to 80° and less than or equal to 95°.

An insulating material having a function of inhibiting the passage of oxygen and impurities such as water or hydrogen may be used for the insulator 571 so that the insulator 571 also functions as a barrier layer. In that case, the insulator 570 does not have to be provided.

Parts of the insulator 570, the conductor 560, the metal oxide 552, the insulator 550, and the oxide 530 c are selected and removed using the insulator 571 as a hard mask, whereby their side surfaces can be substantially aligned with each other and a surface of the oxide 530 b can be partly exposed.

The transistor 510D includes a region 531 a and a region 531 b on part of the exposed surface of the oxide 530 b. One of the region 531 a and the region 531 b functions as a source region, and the other functions as a drain region.

The region 531 a and the region 531 b can be formed by addition of an impurity element such as phosphorus or boron to the exposed surface of the oxide 530 b by an ion implantation method, an ion doping method, a plasma immersion ion implantation method, or plasma treatment, for example. In this embodiment and the like, an “impurity element” refers to an element other than main constituent elements.

Alternatively, the region 531 a and the region 531 b can be formed in such manner that, after part of the surface of the oxide 530 b is exposed, a metal film is formed and then heat treatment is performed so that the element contained in the metal film is diffused into the oxide 530 b.

The electrical resistivity of regions of the oxide 530 b to which the impurity element is added decreases. For that reason, the region 531 a and the region 531 b are sometimes referred to as “impurity regions” or “low-resistance regions”.

The region 531 a and the region 531 b can be formed in a self-aligned manner by using the insulator 571 and/or the conductor 560 as a mask. Thus, the conductor 560 does not overlap the region 531 a and/or the region 531 b, so that the parasitic capacitance can be reduced. Moreover, an offset region is not formed between a channel formation region and the source/drain region (the region 531 a or the region 531 b). The formation of the region 531 a and the region 531 b in a self-aligned manner achieves an increase in on-state current, a reduction in threshold voltage, and an improvement in operating frequency, for example.

Note that an offset region may be provided between the channel formation region and the source/drain region in order to further reduce the off-state current. The offset region is a region where the electrical resistivity is high and the impurity element is not added. The offset region can be formed by the addition of the impurity element after the formation of an insulator 575. In this case, the insulator 575 serves as a mask like the insulator 571 or the like. Thus, the impurity element is not added to a region of the oxide 530 b overlapped by the insulator 575, so that the electrical resistivity of the region can be kept high.

The transistor 510D includes the insulator 575 on the side surfaces of the insulator 570, the conductor 560, the metal oxide 552, the insulator 550, and the oxide 530 c. The insulator 575 is preferably an insulator having a low dielectric constant. For example, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, porous silicon oxide, a resin, or the like is preferably used. In particular, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, or porous silicon oxide is preferably used for the insulator 575, in which case an excess-oxygen region can be easily formed in the insulator 575 in a later step. Silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because of their thermal stability. The insulator 575 preferably has a function of diffusing oxygen.

The transistor 510D also includes the insulator 574 over the insulator 575 and the oxide 530. The insulator 574 is preferably deposited by a sputtering method. When a sputtering method is used, an insulator containing few impurities such as water or hydrogen can be deposited. For example, aluminum oxide is preferably used for the insulator 574.

Note that an oxide film obtained by a sputtering method may extract hydrogen from the component over which the oxide film is deposited. Thus, the hydrogen concentration in the oxide 530 and the insulator 575 can be reduced when the insulator 574 absorbs hydrogen and water from the oxide 530 and the insulator 575.

<Transistor Structure Example 5>

A structure example of a transistor 510E is described with reference to FIG. 14A to FIG. 14C. FIG. 14A is a top view of the transistor 510E. FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line L1-L2 in FIG. 14A. FIG. 14C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line W1-W2 in FIG. 14A. Note that for clarification of the drawing, some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 14A.

The transistor 510E is a variation example of the above transistors. Therefore, differences from the above transistors will be mainly described to avoid repeated description.

In FIG. 14A to FIG. 14C, the conductor 542 is not provided, and part of the exposed surface of the oxide 530 b includes the region 531 a and the region 531 b. One of the region 531 a and the region 531 b functions as a source region, and the other functions as a drain region. Moreover, an insulator 573 is included between the oxide 530 b and the insulator 574.

Regions 531 (the region 531 a and the region 531 b) illustrated in FIG. 14 are regions where an element described below is added to the oxide 530 b. The regions 531 can be formed with the use of a dummy gate, for example.

Specifically, a dummy gate is provided over the oxide 530 b, and the element that reduces the resistance of the oxide 530 b is added using the dummy gate as a mask. That is, the element is added to regions of the oxide 530 that are not overlapped by the dummy gate, whereby the regions 531 are formed. For the addition of the element, an ion implantation method by which an ionized source gas is subjected to mass separation and then added, an ion doping method by which an ionized source gas is added without mass separation, a plasma immersion ion implantation method, or the like can be used.

Typical examples of the element that reduces the resistance of the oxide 530 are boron and phosphorus. Moreover, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur, chlorine, titanium, a rare gas, or the like may be used. Typical examples of the rare gas include helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. The concentration of the element is measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or the like.

In particular, boron and phosphorus are preferable because an apparatus used in a manufacturing line for amorphous silicon or low-temperature polysilicon can be used. Since the existing facility can be used, capital investment can be reduced.

Next, an insulating film to be the insulator 573 and an insulating film to be the insulator 574 may be formed over the oxide 530 b and the dummy gate. Stacking the insulating film to be the insulator 573 and the insulating film to be the insulator 574 can provide a region where the oxide 530 c and the insulator 550 overlap the region 531.

Specifically, after an insulating film to be the insulator 580 is provided over the insulating film to be the insulator 574, the insulating film to be the insulator 580 is subjected to CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) treatment, whereby part of the insulating film to be the insulator 580 is removed and the dummy gate is exposed. Then, when the dummy gate is removed, part of the insulator 573 in contact with the dummy gate is preferably also removed. Thus, the insulator 574 and the insulator 573 are exposed at a side surface of an opening portion provided in the insulator 580, and the region 531 provided in the oxide 530 b is partly exposed at the bottom surface of the opening portion. Next, an oxide film to be the oxide 530 c, an insulating film to be the insulator 550, and a conductive film to be the conductor 560 are formed in this order in the opening portion, and then the oxide film to be the oxide 530 c, the insulating film to be the insulator 550, and the conductive film to be the conductor 560 are partly removed by CMP treatment or the like until the insulator 580 is exposed; thus, the transistor illustrated in FIG. 14 can be formed.

Note that the insulator 573 and the insulator 574 are not essential components. Design is appropriately set in consideration of required transistor characteristics.

The cost of the transistor illustrated in FIG. 14 can be reduced because an existing apparatus can be used and the conductor 542 is not provided.

<Transistor Structure Example 6>

A structure example of a transistor 510F is described with reference to FIG. 15A to FIG. 15C. FIG. 15A is a top view of the transistor 510F. FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line L1-L2 in FIG. 15A. FIG. 15C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line W1-W2 in FIG. 15A. Note that for clarity of the drawing, some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 15A.

The transistor 510F is a variation example of the transistor 510A. Therefore, differences from the above transistor will be mainly described to avoid repeated description.

In the transistor 510A, part of the insulator 574 is provided in the opening portion provided in the insulator 580 and covers the side surface of the conductor 560. Meanwhile, in the transistor 510F, an opening is formed by partly removing the insulator 580 and the insulator 574.

The insulator 576 (the insulator 576 a and the insulator 576 b) having a barrier property may be provided between the conductor 546 and the insulator 580. Providing the insulator 576 can prevent oxygen in the insulator 580 from reacting with the conductor 546 and oxidizing the conductor 546.

Note that when an oxide semiconductor is used as the oxide 530, the oxide 530 preferably has a stacked-layer structure of oxides that differ in the atomic ratio of metal atoms. Specifically, the atomic proportion of the element Min the constituent elements in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 a is preferably greater than the atomic proportion of the element M in the constituent elements in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 b. In addition, the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 a is preferably higher than the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 b. Furthermore, the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 b is preferably higher than the atomic ratio of In to the element Min the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 a. A metal oxide that can be used as the oxide 530 a or the oxide 530 b can be used as the oxide 530 c.

The oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, and the oxide 530 c preferably have crystallinity, and in particular, it is preferable to use a CAAC-OS. An oxide having crystallinity, such as a CAAC-OS, has a dense structure with small amounts of impurities and defects (e.g., oxygen vacancies) and high crystallinity. This can inhibit extraction of oxygen from the oxide 530 b by the source electrode or the drain electrode. This can reduce extraction of oxygen from the oxide 530 b even when heat treatment is performed; hence, the transistor 510F is stable against high temperatures in the manufacturing process (what is called thermal budget).

Note that one or both of the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 c may be omitted. The oxide 530 may be a single layer of the oxide 530 b. In the case where the oxide 530 is a stack of the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, and the oxide 530 c, the energy of the conduction band minimum of each of the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 c is preferably higher than the energy of the conduction band minimum of the oxide 530 b. In other words, the electron affinity of each of the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 c is preferably smaller than the electron affinity of the oxide 530 b. In that case, for the oxide 530 c, a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 530 a is preferably used. Specifically, the atomic proportion of the element M in the constituent elements in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 c is preferably greater than the atomic proportion of the element M in the constituent elements in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 b. Moreover, the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 c is preferably greater than the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 b. Furthermore, the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 b is preferably greater than the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used as the oxide 530 c.

The energy level of the conduction band minimum gradually changes at junction portions of the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, and the oxide 530 c. In other words, the energy level of the conduction band minimum at the junction portions of the oxide 530 a, the oxide 530 b, and the oxide 530 c continuously changes or is continuously connected. To obtain this, the density of defect states in a mixed layer formed at the interface between the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 b and the interface between the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 c is preferably made low.

Specifically, when the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 b or the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 c contain a common element (as a main component) in addition to oxygen, a mixed layer with a low density of defect states can be formed. For example, in the case where the oxide 530 b is an In—Ga—Zn oxide, an In—Ga—Zn oxide, a Ga—Zn oxide, gallium oxide, or the like may be used as the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 c. In addition, the oxide 530 c may have a stacked-layer structure. For example, it is possible to employ a stacked-layer structure of an In—Ga—Zn oxide and a Ga—Zn oxide over the In—Ga—Zn oxide, or a stacked-layer structure of an In—Ga—Zn oxide and gallium oxide over the In—Ga—Zn oxide. In other words, the oxide 530 c may employ a stacked-layer structure of an In—Ga—Zn oxide and an oxide that does not contain In.

Specifically, as the oxide 530 a, a metal oxide having In:Ga:Zn=1:3:4 [atomic ratio] or 1:1:0.5 [atomic ratio] is used. As the oxide 530 b, a metal oxide having In:Ga:Zn=4:2:3 [atomic ratio] or 3:1:2 [atomic ratio] is used. As the oxide 530 c, a metal oxide having In:Ga:Zn=1:3:4 [atomic ratio], In:Ga:Zn=4:2:3 [atomic ratio], Ga:Zn=2:1 [atomic ratio], or Ga:Zn=2:5 [atomic ratio] is used. Furthermore, specific examples of the case where the oxide 530 c has a stacked-layer structure include a stacked-layer structure of In:Ga:Zn=4:2:3 [atomic ratio] and Ga:Zn=2:1 [atomic ratio], a stacked-layer structure of In:Ga:Zn=4:2:3 [atomic ratio] and Ga:Zn=2:5 [atomic ratio], and a stacked-layer structure of In:Ga:Zn=4:2:3 [atomic ratio] and gallium oxide.

At this time, the oxide 530 b serves as a main carrier path. When the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 c have the above structure, the density of defect states at the interface between the oxide 530 a and the oxide 530 b and the interface between the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 c can be made low. Thus, the influence of interface scattering on carrier conduction is small, and the transistor 510F can have a high on-state current and high frequency characteristics. Note that in the case where the oxide 530 c has a stacked-layer structure, in addition to the effect of reducing the density of defect states at the interface between the oxide 530 b and the oxide 530 c, the effect of inhibiting diffusion of the constituent element of the oxide 530 c to the insulator 550 side is expected. More specifically, the oxide 530 c has a stacked-layer structure and the oxide that does not contain In is positioned at the upper part of the stacked-layer structure, whereby the amount of In that would diffuse to the insulator 550 side can be reduced. Since the insulator 550 functions as a gate insulator, the transistor has defects in characteristics when In diffuses. Thus, when the oxide 530 c has a stacked-layer structure, a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.

A metal oxide functioning as an oxide semiconductor is preferably used as the oxide 530. For example, as the metal oxide to be the channel formation region in the oxide 530, a metal oxide having a bandgap of 2 eV or more, preferably 2.5 eV or more is preferably used. With the use of a metal oxide having such a wide bandgap, the off-state current of the transistor can be reduced. With the use of such a transistor, a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.

<Transistor Structure Example 7>

Although FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 illustrate the structure example in which the conductor 560 having a function of a gate is formed in the opening of the insulator 580, a structure in which the insulator is provided above the conductor can be employed, for example. A structure example of such a transistor is illustrated in FIG. 16 and FIG. 17.

FIG. 16A is a top view of a transistor, and FIG. 16B is a perspective view of the transistor. FIG. 17A is a cross-sectional view along X1-X2 in FIG. 16A, and FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view along Y1-Y2.

The transistor illustrated in FIG. 16 and FIG. 17 includes a conductor BGE having a function of a back gate, an insulator BGI having a function of a gate insulating film, an oxide semiconductor S, an insulator TGI having a function of a gate insulating film, a conductor TGE having a function of a front gate, and a conductor WE having a function of a wiring. A conductor PE has a function of a plug for connecting the conductor WE to the oxide S, the conductor BGE, or the conductor TGE. Note that an example in which the oxide semiconductor S includes three layers of oxides S1, S2, and S3 is shown here.

<Electrical Characteristics of Transistor>

Next, electrical characteristics of an OS transistor will be described below. A transistor including a first gate and a second gate is described below as an example. In the transistor including the first gate and the second gate, the threshold voltage can be controlled by applying different potentials to the first gate and the second gate. For example, by applying a negative potential to the second gate, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be higher than 0 V and the off-state current can be reduced. That is, when a negative potential is applied to the second gate electrode, a drain current when the potential applied to the first electrode is 0 V can be reduced.

When an impurity such as hydrogen is added to an oxide semiconductor, the carrier density is increased in some cases. For example, hydrogen added to an oxide semiconductor reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to be water, so that an oxygen vacancy is formed in some cases. Entry of hydrogen into the oxygen vacancy increases the carrier density. Furthermore, in some cases, bonding of part of hydrogen to oxygen bonded to a metal atom causes generation of an electron serving as a carrier. That is, the oxide semiconductor to which an impurity such as hydrogen is added becomes n-type and has a reduced resistance.

Therefore, the resistance of the oxide semiconductor can be selectively reduced. That is, a region that has a low carrier density and functions as a semiconductor functioning as a channel formation region and a low-resistance region that has a high carrier density and functions as a source region or a drain region can be provided in the oxide semiconductor.

Here, evaluated is the influence of the structure of a low-resistance region and a high-resistance region provided in the oxide semiconductor on electrical characteristics of the transistor when different potentials are applied to the first gate and the second gate.

[Structure of Transistor]

FIG. 18A and FIG. 18C are each a cross-sectional view of a transistor used for the electrical characteristics evaluation. Note that for clarification of the drawings, some components are not illustrated in FIG. 18A and FIG. 18C.

The transistor illustrated in FIG. 18A and FIG. 18C includes the conductor TGE that functions as a first gate, the insulator TGI that functions as a first gate insulating film, an insulator SW that functions as a sidewall provided on a side surface of the first gate, the oxide semiconductor S, the conductor BGE that functions as a second gate, and the insulator BGI that functions as a second gate insulating film. The insulator BGI has a three-layer structure formed of a first layer in contact with the conductor BGE, a second layer over the first layer, and a third layer over the second layer. Note that the third layer is in contact with the oxide semiconductor S.

Here, the oxide semiconductor S included in the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18A has an n⁺ region and an i region overlapped by the conductor TGE. On the other hand, the oxide semiconductor S included in the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18C has the n⁺ region, the i region overlapped by the conductor TGE, and an n⁻ region between the n⁺ region and the i region.

Note that the n⁺ region functions as a source region or a drain region and has a high carrier density and a reduced resistance. The i region functions as a channel formation region and is a high-resistance region having a lower carrier density than the n⁺ region. The n region has a lower carrier density than the n⁺ region and a higher carrier density than the i region.

Although not illustrated, the n⁺ region of the oxide semiconductor S is in contact with an S/D electrode functioning as a source or a drain.

[Evaluation Results of Electrical Characteristics]

The Id-Vg characteristics of the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18A and the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18C are calculated to evaluate the electrical characteristics of the transistors.

Here, as an index of the electrical characteristics of a transistor, the amount of change (hereinafter also referred to as ΔVsh) in the threshold voltage (hereinafter also referred to as Vsh) of the transistor is used. Note that in the Id-Vg characteristics, Vsh is defined as the value of Vg at Id=1.0×10⁻¹² [A].

Note that the Id-Vg characteristics are fluctuation characteristics of current between the source and the drain (hereinafter also referred to as drain current (Id)) when a potential applied to the conductor TGE functioning as the first gate of the transistor (hereinafter also referred to as gate potential (Vg)) is changed from a first value to a second value.

Here, evaluated are changes in drain current (Id) when a potential between the source and the drain (hereinafter also referred to as drain potential (Vd)) is set to +0.1 V and a potential between the source and the conductor TGE functioning as the first gate is changed from −1 V to +4 V.

For the calculation, Atlas, a device simulator from Silvaco Inc., is used. The following table lists parameters used for the calculation. Note that Eg represents an energy gap, Nc represents the effective density of states in the conduction band, and Nv represents the effective density of states in the valence band.

TABLE 1 Software Silvaco's Atlas 2D Structure Channel length (L) 350 nm Channel width (W) 350 nm BGE Work function 5.0 eV Thickness (wiring) 20 nm Length in L direction 510 nm BGI Third layer Dielectric constant 4.1 Thickness 10 nm Second layer Dielectric constant 16.4 Thickness 10 nm First layer Dielectric constant 4.1 Thickness 10 nm OS Electron affinity 4.5 eV Eg 2.9 eV Dielectric constant 15 Electron mobility 20 cm²/Vs Hole mobility 0.01 cm²/Vs Nc 5E+18 cm⁻³ Nv 5E+18 cm⁻³ Thickness 15 nm n⁺ region Length in L direction 655 or 700 nm Carrier concentration 5E+18 cm⁻³ n⁻ region Length in L direction 45 or 0 nm Carrier concentration 1E+17 cm⁻³ TGI Dielectric constant 4.1 Thickness 10 nm SW Dielectric constant 4.1 Width 15 nm TGE Work function 5.0 eV Thickness 20 nm Length in L direction 350 nm S/D electrode Work function 4.5 eV

In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18A, one of the n⁺ regions is set to 700 nm, and one of the n regions is set to 0 nm. In the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18C, one of the n⁺ regions is set to 655 nm, and one of the n regions is set to 45 nm. The transistor illustrated in FIG. 18A and the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18C each have a structure in which the second gate is larger than the i region. Note that in this evaluation, the potential of the conductor BGE functioning as the second gate (hereinafter also referred to as backgate potential (Vbg)) is set to 0.00 V, −3.00 V, or −6.00 V.

FIG. 18B shows the results of the Id-Vg characteristics obtained by the calculation of the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18A. The threshold voltage change amount (ΔVsh) of the transistor at a backgate potential of −3.00 V compared to that at a backgate potential of 0.00 V is +1.2 V. The threshold voltage change amount (ΔVsh) of the transistor at a backgate potential of −6.00 V compared to that at a backgate potential of 0.00 V is +2.3 V. That is, the threshold voltage change amount (ΔVsh) of the transistor at a backgate potential of −6.00 V compared to that at a backgate potential of −3.00 V is +1.1 V. Therefore, even when (the absolute value of) the potential of the conductor BGE functioning as the second gate is increased, the threshold voltage change amount of the transistor is hardly changed. In addition, even when (the absolute value of) the backgate potential is increased, a change in rising characteristics is not observed.

FIG. 18D shows the results of the Id-Vg characteristics obtained by the calculation of the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18C. The threshold voltage change amount (ΔVsh) of the transistor at a backgate potential of −3.00 V compared to that at a backgate potential of 0.00 V is +1.2 V. The threshold voltage change amount (ΔVsh) of the transistor at a backgate potential of −6.00 V compared to that at a backgate potential of 0.00 V is +3.5 V. That is, the threshold voltage change amount (ΔVsh) of the transistor at a backgate potential of −6.00 V compared to that at a backgate potential of −3.00 V is +2.3 V. Therefore, as (the absolute value of) the potential of the conductor BGE functioning as the second gate is increased, the threshold voltage change amount of the transistor increases. Meanwhile, as (the absolute value of) the backgate potential is increased, the rising characteristics become worse.

The above description demonstrates that in the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18C, as (the absolute value of) the potential of the conductor BGE functioning as the second gate is increased, the threshold voltage change amount of the transistor increases. Meanwhile, in the transistor illustrated in FIG. 18A, a change in the threshold voltage change amount of the transistor is hardly observed even when (the absolute value of) the potential of the conductor BGE functioning as the second gate is increased.

Note that this embodiment can be implemented in combination with the other embodiments described in this specification as appropriate.

Embodiment 3

In this embodiment, the composition of a metal oxide that can be used in the OS transistor described in the above embodiment will be described.

<Composition of Metal Oxide>

In this specification and the like, CAAC (c-axis aligned crystal) and CAC (Cloud-Aligned Composite) may be stated. Note that CAAC refers to an example of a crystal structure, and CAC refers to an example of a function or a material composition.

A CAC-OS or a CAC-metal oxide has a conducting function in part of the material and has an insulating function in another part of the material; as a whole, the CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide has a function of a semiconductor. Note that in the case where the CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide is used in a channel formation region of a transistor, the conducting function is a function that allows electrons (or holes) serving as carriers to flow, and the insulating function is a function that does not allow electrons serving as carriers to flow. By the complementary action of the conducting function and the insulating function, a switching function (On/Off function) can be given to the CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide. In the CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide, separation of the functions can maximize each function.

The CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide includes conductive regions and insulating regions. The conductive regions have the above-described conducting function, and the insulating regions have the above-described insulating function. In some cases, the conductive regions and the insulating regions in the material are separated at the nanoparticle level. In some cases, the conductive regions and the insulating regions are unevenly distributed in the material. In some cases, the conductive regions are observed to be coupled in a cloud-like manner with their boundaries blurred.

In the CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide, the conductive regions and the insulating regions each have a size greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm and are dispersed in the material in some cases.

The CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide includes components having different bandgaps. For example, the CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide includes a component having a wide gap due to the insulating region and a component having a narrow gap due to the conductive region. When carriers flow in this composition, carriers mainly flow in the component having a narrow gap. Furthermore, the component having a narrow gap complements the component having a wide gap, and carriers also flow in the component having a wide gap in conjunction with the component having a narrow gap. Therefore, in the case where the above-described CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide is used in a channel formation region of a transistor, high current driving capability in an on state of the transistor, that is, a high on-state current and high field-effect mobility can be obtained.

In other words, the CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide can also be referred to as a matrix composite or a metal matrix composite.

<Structure of Metal Oxide>

Oxide semiconductors are classified into a single crystal oxide semiconductor and a non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor. Examples of the non-single-crystal oxide semiconductors include a CAAC-OS (c-axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor), a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, an nc-OS (nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor), an amorphous-like oxide semiconductor (a-like OS), and an amorphous oxide semiconductor.

As an oxide semiconductor used for a semiconductor of a transistor, a thin film having high crystallinity is preferably used. With the use of the thin film, the stability or reliability of the transistor can be improved. Examples of the thin film include a thin film of a single crystal oxide semiconductor and a thin film of a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor. However, to form the thin film of a single crystal oxide semiconductor or the thin film of a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor over a substrate, a high-temperature process or a laser heating process is needed. Thus, manufacturing cost is increased, and throughput is decreased.

Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 have reported that an In—Ga—Zn oxide having a CAAC structure (referred to as CAAC-IGZO) was found in 2009. Here, it has been reported that CAAC-IGZO has c-axis alignment, a crystal grain boundary is not clearly observed in CAAC-IGZO, and CAAC-IGZO can be formed over a substrate at low temperatures. It has also been reported that a transistor using CAAC-IGZO has excellent electrical characteristics and high reliability.

In addition, in 2013, an In—Ga—Zn oxide having an nc structure (referred to as nc-IGZO) was found (see Non-Patent Document 3). It has been reported that nc-IGZO has a periodic atomic arrangement in a microscopic region (e.g., a region with a size greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm) and there is no regularity of crystal orientation between different regions.

Non-Patent Document 4 and Non-Patent Document 5 have shown changes in average crystal size due to electron beam irradiation to thin films of the above CAAC-IGZO, the above nc-IGZO, and IGZO having low crystallinity. In the thin film of IGZO having low crystallinity, crystalline IGZO with a crystal size of approximately 1 nm was observed even before electron beam irradiation. Thus, it has been reported that the existence of a completely amorphous structure was not observed in IGZO. In addition, it has been shown that the thin film of CAAC-IGZO and the thin film of nc-IGZO each have higher stability to electron beam irradiation than the thin film of IGZO having low crystallinity. Consequently, the thin film of CAAC-IGZO or the thin film of nc-IGZO is preferably used as the semiconductor of the transistor.

The CAAC-OS has c-axis alignment, a plurality of nanocrystals are connected in the a-b plane direction, and its crystal structure has distortion. Note that the distortion refers to a portion where the direction of a lattice arrangement changes between a region with a regular lattice arrangement and another region with a regular lattice arrangement in a region where the plurality of nanocrystals are connected.

The nanocrystal is basically a hexagon but is not always a regular hexagon and is a non-regular hexagon in some cases. Furthermore, a pentagonal or heptagonal lattice arrangement, for example, is included in the distortion in some cases. Note that a clear crystal grain boundary (also referred to as grain boundary) cannot be observed even in the vicinity of distortion in the CAAC-OS. That is, formation of a crystal grain boundary is inhibited due to the distortion of lattice arrangement. This is probably because the CAAC-OS can tolerate distortion owing to a low density of arrangement of oxygen atoms in the a-b plane direction, an interatomic bond length changed by substitution of a metal element, and the like.

The CAAC-OS tends to have a layered crystal structure (also referred to as a layered structure) in which a layer containing indium and oxygen (hereinafter, an In layer) and a layer containing the element M, zinc, and oxygen (hereinafter, an (M,Zn) layer) are stacked. Note that indium and the element M can be replaced with each other, and when the element M in the (M,Zn) layer is replaced with indium, the layer can also be referred to as an (In,M,Zn) layer. Furthermore, when indium in the In layer is replaced with the element M, the layer can be referred to as an (In,M) layer.

The CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor having high crystallinity. Meanwhile, in the CAAC-OS, it can be said that a reduction in electron mobility due to the crystal grain boundary is less likely to occur because a clear crystal grain boundary cannot be observed. Moreover, since the crystallinity of an oxide semiconductor might be decreased by entry of impurities, formation of defects, or the like, the CAAC-OS can be regarded as an oxide semiconductor that has small amounts of impurities and defects (e.g., oxygen vacancies). Thus, an oxide semiconductor including the CAAC-OS is physically stable. Therefore, the oxide semiconductor including the CAAC-OS is resistant to heat and has high reliability. In addition, the CAAC-OS is stable against high temperature in the manufacturing process (what is called thermal budget). Accordingly, the use of the CAAC-OS for the OS transistor can extend the degree of freedom of the manufacturing process.

In the nc-OS, a microscopic region (e.g., a region with a size greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm, in particular, a region with a size greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm) has a periodic atomic arrangement. Furthermore, there is no regularity of crystal orientation between different nanocrystals in the nc-OS. Thus, the orientation in the whole film is not observed. Accordingly, the nc-OS cannot be distinguished from an a-like OS or an amorphous oxide semiconductor by some analysis methods.

The a-like OS is an oxide semiconductor having a structure between those of the nc-OS and an amorphous oxide semiconductor. The a-like OS includes a void or a low-density region. That is, the a-like OS has low crystallinity as compared with the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS.

An oxide semiconductor has various structures with different properties. An oxide semiconductor of one embodiment of the present invention may include two or more of an amorphous oxide semiconductor, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, the a-like OS, the nc-OS, and the CAAC-OS.

<Transistor Including Oxide Semiconductor>

Next, the case where the above oxide semiconductor is used in a transistor will be described.

When the above oxide semiconductor is used in a transistor, a transistor having high field-effect mobility can be achieved. In addition, a transistor having high reliability can be achieved.

Non-Patent Document 6 shows that the transistor using the above oxide semiconductor has an extremely low leakage current in a non-conduction state, and specifically, the off-state current per micrometer in the channel width of the transistor is on the order of yA/m (10⁻²⁴ A/μm). For example, a low-power-consumption CPU utilizing a characteristic of a low leakage current of the transistor using an oxide semiconductor is disclosed (see Non-Patent Document 7).

Furthermore, application of a transistor using an oxide semiconductor to a display device that utilizes the characteristic of a low leakage current of the transistor has been reported (see Non-Patent Document 8). In the display device, a displayed image is changed several tens of times per second. The number of times images are changed in one second is referred to as a refresh rate. The refresh rate is also referred to as drive frequency. Such high-speed screen change that is hard for human eyes to recognize is considered as a cause of eyestrain. Accordingly, reducing the number of times of image rewriting by lowering the refresh rate of the display device is proposed. Moreover, driving with a lowered refresh rate can reduce the power consumption of the display device. Such a driving method is referred to as idling stop (IDS) driving.

Furthermore, an oxide semiconductor having a low carrier density is preferably used in a transistor. To reduce the carrier density of an oxide semiconductor film, the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor film is lowered so that the density of defect states can be reduced. In this specification and the like, a state with a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states is referred to as a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic state.

Moreover, a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has a low density of defect states and accordingly may have a low density of trap states. Note that the carrier density of an oxide semiconductor that can be used in one embodiment of the present invention is within the range described in Embodiment 2.

Charges trapped by the trap states in an oxide semiconductor take a long time to be released and may behave like fixed charges. Thus, a transistor whose channel formation region is formed in an oxide semiconductor having a high density of trap states has unstable electrical characteristics in some cases.

Accordingly, in order to obtain stable electrical characteristics of a transistor, reducing the concentration in an oxide semiconductor is effective. In addition, in order to reduce the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor, the impurity concentration in an adjacent film is also preferably reduced. Examples of impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, iron, nickel, and silicon.

<Impurity>

Here, the influence of each impurity in the oxide semiconductor will be described.

When silicon or carbon, which is one of Group 14 elements, is contained in the oxide semiconductor, defect states are formed in the oxide semiconductor. Thus, the concentration of silicon or carbon in the oxide semiconductor and the concentration of silicon or carbon in the vicinity of an interface with the oxide semiconductor (the concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)) are lower than or equal to 2×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, preferably lower than or equal to 2×10¹⁷ atoms/cm³.

When the oxide semiconductor contains an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, defect states are formed and carriers are generated in some cases. Thus, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor that contains an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal is likely to have normally-on characteristics. Therefore, it is preferable to reduce the concentration of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal in the oxide semiconductor. Specifically, the concentration of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal in the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is lower than or equal to 1×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, preferably lower than or equal to 2×10¹⁶ atoms/cm³.

When containing nitrogen, the oxide semiconductor easily becomes n-type by generation of electrons serving as carriers and an increase in carrier density. Thus, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor that contains nitrogen is likely to have normally-on characteristics. For this reason, nitrogen in the oxide semiconductor is preferably reduced as much as possible. For example, the nitrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor is lower than 5×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³, preferably lower than or equal to 5×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, further preferably lower than or equal to 1×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, still further preferably lower than or equal to 5×10¹⁷ atoms/cm³ in SIMS.

Hydrogen contained in the oxide semiconductor reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to be water, and thus forms an oxygen vacancy in some cases. Entry of hydrogen into the oxygen vacancy generates an electron serving as a carrier in some cases. Furthermore, in some cases, bonding of part of hydrogen to oxygen bonded to a metal atom causes generation of an electron serving as a carrier. Thus, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor containing hydrogen is likely to have normally-on characteristics. For this reason, hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor is preferably reduced as much as possible. Specifically, the hydrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is lower than 1×10²⁰ atoms/cm³, preferably lower than 1×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³, further preferably lower than 5×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³, still further preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³.

When an oxide semiconductor with sufficiently reduced impurities is used for a channel formation region of a transistor, stable electrical characteristics can be given.

The discovery of the CAAC structure and the nc structure has contributed to an improvement in electrical characteristics and reliability of a transistor using an oxide semiconductor having the CAAC structure or the nc structure, a reduction in manufacturing cost, and an improvement in throughput. Furthermore, applications of the transistor to a display device and an LSI utilizing the characteristics of low leakage current of the transistor have been studied.

Note that this embodiment can be implemented in combination with the other embodiments described in this specification as appropriate.

REFERENCE NUMERALS

C2N: capacitor, C11: capacitor, C20: capacitor, C21: capacitor, D_1: sound source signal, D_2: sound source signal, D_3: sound source signal, F1 m: node, F11: node, F12: node, F13: node, F21: node, F22: node, F23: node, O1 m: node, O11: node, Q_1: output signal, Q_2: output signal, Q_3: output signal, R2N: resistor, R11: resistor, R20: resistor, R21: resistor, S_1 m: selection signal, S_11: selection signal, S_12: selection signal, S_13: selection signal, S_21: selection signal, S_22: selection signal, S_23: selection signal, S1: oxide, t1: difference, t2: difference, V_11: potential, V_12: potential, V_13: potential, V_14: potential, V_15: potential, V_16: potential, V_17: potential, V_21: potential, V_22: potential, V_23: potential, V1: potential, V2: potential, V3: potential, W_1: selection signal, W_2: selection signal, W_3: selection signal, 10: microphone, 10_N: microphone, 10_1: microphone, 10_2: microphone, 10_3: microphone, 10_4: microphone, 20: delay circuit, 20_N: delay circuit, 20_1: delay circuit, 20_2: delay circuit, 20_3: delay circuit, 21: selection circuit, 22: signal retention circuit, 23: selection circuit, 30: signal processing circuit, 100: semiconductor device, 101: transistor, 102: transistor, 103: transistor, 104: transistor, 110: operational amplifier, 120: smartphone, 121: housing, 122: display portion, 123: operation button, 124: speaker, 125: sound source, 300: transistor, 311: substrate, 313: semiconductor region, 314 a: low-resistance region, 314 b: low-resistance region, 315: insulator, 316: conductor, 320: insulator, 322: insulator, 324: insulator, 326: insulator, 328: conductor, 330: conductor, 350: insulator, 352: insulator, 354: insulator, 356: conductor, 360: insulator, 362: insulator, 364: insulator, 366: conductor, 370: insulator, 372: insulator, 374: insulator, 376: conductor, 380: insulator, 382: insulator, 384: insulator, 386: conductor, 500: transistor, 503: conductor, 503 a: conductor, 503 b: conductor, 505: conductor, 505 a: conductor, 505 b: conductor, 510: insulator, 510A: transistor, 510B: transistor, 510C: transistor, 510D: transistor, 510E: transistor, 510F: transistor, 511: insulator, 512: insulator, 514: insulator, 516: insulator, 518: conductor, 520: insulator, 521: insulator, 522: insulator, 524: insulator, 530: oxide, 530 a: oxide, 530 b: oxide, 530 c: oxide, 531: region, 531 a: region, 531 b: region, 540 a: conductor, 540 b: conductor, 542: conductor, 542 a: conductor, 542 b: conductor, 543: region, 543 a: region, 543 b: region, 544: insulator, 545: insulator, 546: conductor, 546 a: conductor, 546 b: conductor, 547: conductor, 547 a: conductor, 547 b: conductor, 548: conductor, 550: insulator, 552: metal oxide, 560: conductor, 560 a: conductor, 560 b: conductor, 570: insulator, 571: insulator, 573: insulator, 574: insulator, 575: insulator, 576: insulator, 576 a: insulator, 576 b: insulator, 580: insulator, 581: insulator, 582: insulator, 584: insulator, 586: insulator, 600: capacitor, 610: conductor, 612: conductor, 620: conductor, 630: insulator, 650: insulator 

1. A semiconductor device comprising: a first selection circuit; a plurality of signal retention circuits; and a second selection circuit, wherein an analog signal is input to the semiconductor device, wherein the first selection circuit is configured to sample the analog signal more than once at different times, wherein the first selection circuit outputs an analog potential obtained by sampling to one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits, wherein the one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits is configured to retain the analog potential, and wherein the second selection circuit outputs the analog potential retained in the one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits, at a time different from the times when the analog signal is sampled.
 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits comprises a transistor and a capacitor, and wherein the transistor comprises a metal oxide in a channel formation region.
 3. A semiconductor device comprising: a first microphone to an N-th microphone, where N is a natural number greater than or equal to 2; a first delay circuit to an N-th delay circuit; and a signal processing circuit, wherein the K-th microphone is electrically connected to the K-th delay circuit, where K is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to N, wherein the K-th microphone outputs a K-th sound source signal to the K-th delay circuit, wherein the K-th delay circuit comprises a first selection circuit, a plurality of signal retention circuits, and a second selection circuit, wherein the first selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit is configured to sample the K-th sound source signal at different times, wherein the first selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit outputs an analog potential obtained by sampling to one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits included in the K-th delay circuit, wherein the one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits included in the K-th delay circuit is configured to retain the analog potential, wherein the second selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit is configured to read the analog potential retained in the one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits included in the K-th delay circuit at a time different from a time when the analog potential is sampled, wherein the second selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit outputs a K-th output signal obtained by reading the analog potential to the signal processing circuit, and wherein the signal processing circuit adds a first output signal to the K-th output signal.
 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits comprises a transistor and a capacitor, and wherein the transistor comprises a metal oxide in a channel formation region.
 5. A semiconductor device comprising: a first microphone to an N-th microphone, where N is a natural number greater than or equal to 2; a first delay circuit to an (N−1)-th delay circuit; and a signal processing circuit, wherein the K-th microphone is electrically connected to the K-th delay circuit, where K is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to N−1, wherein the K-th microphone outputs a K-th sound source signal to the K-th delay circuit, wherein the N-th microphone outputs an N-th sound source signal to the signal processing circuit, wherein the K-th delay circuit comprises a first selection circuit, a plurality of signal retention circuits, and a second selection circuit, wherein the first selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit is configured to sample the K-th sound source signal at different times, wherein the first selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit outputs an analog potential obtained by sampling to one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits included in the K-th delay circuit, wherein the one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits included in the K-th delay circuit is configured to retain the analog potential, wherein the second selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit is configured to read the analog potential retained in the one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits included in the K-th delay circuit at a time different from a time when the analog potential is sampled, wherein the second selection circuit included in the K-th delay circuit outputs a K-th output signal obtained by reading the analog potential to the signal processing circuit, and wherein the signal processing circuit adds a first output signal to the K-th output signal and the N-th sound source signal.
 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein the one of the plurality of the signal retention circuits comprises a transistor and a capacitor, and wherein the transistor comprises a metal oxide in a channel formation region.
 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of the signal retention circuits each comprises a transistor and a capacitor, and wherein the transistor comprises a metal oxide in a channel formation region.
 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of the signal retention circuits each comprises a transistor and a capacitor, and wherein the transistor comprises a metal oxide in a channel formation region.
 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of the signal retention circuits each comprises a transistor and a capacitor, and wherein the transistor comprises a metal oxide in a channel formation region. 